ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2021
Persistence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Virus and Viral RNA in Relation to Surface Type and Contamination Concentration.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cobalt complexes in biology and medicine: enzymatic functions, pharmacological applications, and health challenges.Journal of biological inorganic chemistry : JBIC : a publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry · 2026Review
- Aerosolization effects on coronavirus infectivity.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Efficacy of Antimicrobials Against Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses on Porous Materials: A Review.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Comparative analysis of environmental persistence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and seasonal coronaviruses.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Antiviral Surface Coatings: From Pandemic Lessons to Visible-Light-Activated Films.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Persistence of two coronaviruses and efficacy of steam vapor disinfection on two types of carpet.Virology journal · 2024Article
- Efficacy of three EPA-registered antimicrobials and steam against two human norovirus surrogates on nylon carpets with two backing types.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Indoor Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 Virus by Liquid Hyperoxygen.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions.Veterinary sciences · 2024Review
- Antiviral action of a functionalized plastic surface against human coronaviruses.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA and viable virus contamination of hospital emergency department surfaces and association with patient coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) status and aerosol-generating procedures.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2024Article
- Research progress on environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Stability of Feline Coronavirus in aerosols and dried in organic matrices on surfaces at various environmental conditions.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogate, bacteriophage Phi6, on surfaces and in water.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2023Article
- Ultrafast inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by 254-nm UV-C irradiation on porous and non-porous media of medical interest using an omnidirectional chamber.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Stability of Aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 on Masks and Transfer to Skin.Environmental science & technology · 2023Article
- Efficient Direct and Limited Environmental Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Lineage B.1.22 in Domestic Cats.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- The Environmental Stability of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 on the Surfaces of Widely Used Transport Packaging Materials.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Porous Cellulose Thin Films as Sustainable and Effective Antimicrobial Surface Coatings.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2023Article
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Abstract
The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is likely to occur through a number of routes, including contact with contaminated surfaces. Many studies have used reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA on surfaces, but seldom has viable virus been detected. This paper investigates the viability over time of SARS-CoV-2 dried onto a range of materials and compares viability of the virus to RNA copies recovered and whether virus viability is concentration dependent. Viable virus persisted for the longest time on surgical mask material and stainless steel, with a 99.9% reduction in viability by 122 and 114 h, respectively. Viability of SARS-CoV-2 reduced the fastest on a polyester shirt, with a 99.9% reduction within 2.5 h. Viability on the bank note was reduced second fastest, with 99.9% reduction in 75 h. RNA on all surfaces exhibited a 1-log reduction in genome copy number recovery over 21 days. The findings show that SARS-CoV-2 is most stable on nonporous hydrophobic surfaces. RNA is highly stable when dried on surfaces, with only 1-log reduction in recovery over 3 weeks. In comparison, SARS-CoV-2 viability reduced more rapidly, but this loss in viability was found to be independent of starting concentration. Expected levels of SARS-CoV-2 viable environmental surface contamination would lead to undetectable levels within 2 days. Therefore, when RNA is detected on surfaces, it does not directly indicate the presence of viable virus, even at low cycle threshold values.
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