Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33962957›Full record

ArticleScience advances2021

The impact of relaxing interventions on human contact patterns and SARS-CoV-2 transmission in China.

Juanjuan Zhang, Maria Litvinova, Yuxia Liang, Wen Zheng, Huilin Shi, Alessandro Vespignani, Cecile Viboud, Marco Ajelli, Hongjie Yu

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Science advances, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
46citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

46 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID-19 pandemicThe Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022
    Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
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  7. Article
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  9. Mixing individual and collective behaviors to predict out-of-routine mobility.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
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  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
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  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. The dynamic resilience of urban labour networks.Royal Society open science · 2023
    Article
  18. Article
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  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Juanjuan ZhangSchool of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
Maria LitvinovaDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA.
Yuxia LiangSchool of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0000-0003-1713-0832
Wen ZhengSchool of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
Huilin ShiSchool of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
Alessandro VespignaniLaboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
Cecile ViboudDivision of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3243-4711
Marco AjelliDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA. marco.ajelli@gmail.com yhj@fudan.edu.cn.
Hongjie YuSchool of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China. marco.ajelli@gmail.com yhj@fudan.edu.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Nonpharmaceutical interventions to control SARS-CoV-2 spread have been implemented with different intensity, timing, and impact on transmission. As a result, post-lockdown COVID-19 dynamics are heterogeneous and difficult to interpret. We describe a set of contact surveys performed in four Chinese cities (Wuhan, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Changsha) during the pre-pandemic, lockdown and post-lockdown periods to quantify changes in contact patterns. In the post-lockdown period, the mean number of contacts increased by 5 to 17% as compared to the lockdown period. However, it remains three to seven times lower than its pre-pandemic level sufficient to control SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We find that the impact of school interventions depends nonlinearly on the intensity of other activities. When most community activities are halted, school closure leads to a 77% decrease in the reproduction number; in contrast, when social mixing outside of schools is at pre-pandemic level, school closure leads to a 5% reduction in transmission.

Indexed as

QuarantineSARS-CoV-2AdolescentAdultAgedChildChild, PreschoolChinaCitiesContact TracingCOVID-19FemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMale

Identifiers

PMID33962957
PMCPMC8104862

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.