Observational studyCardiovascular diabetology2021
Sex differences in the association of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes with microvascular complications and function: The Maastricht Study.
Observational study in Cardiovascular diabetology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Relationship Between Prediabetes and Peripheral Neuropathy-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.European journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- [Sex and gender-specific aspects in prediabetes and diabetes mellitus - Clinical recommendations (Update 2026)].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026Review
- Analysis and prediction of the trends in diabetes mellitus mortality in Chinese residents from 2008 to 2021.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Sex-specific threshold effect of albumin-corrected fructosamine on diabetic retinopathy: a nonlinear relationship in women but linear in men - a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Genetic variation in the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor protein encoding region is associated with higher heart rate variability, but not with neurodegeneration of the brain, retina, and peripheral nerves: The Maastricht study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- Microvascular dysfunction across organs in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the PROSE-HFpEF case-control study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- Impact of Selective Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)-α Modulators and Fibrates on Microvascular Disease: Is There Still Room?Current atherosclerosis reports · 2025Review
- Impaired microcirculation in the skin and subclinical atherosclerosis in individuals with dysglycaemia in a large population-based cohort.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- Association of systemic and demographic risk factors with prevalence of retinopathy in US adults with prediabetes.Eye (London, England) · 2024Article
- Association between atherogenic index of plasma and all-cause mortality and specific-mortality: a nationwide population‑based cohort study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2024Article
- Association between visceral adiposity index and risk of diabetes and prediabetes: Results from the NHANES (1999-2018).PloS one · 2024Article
- Epidemiological characteristics, complications of haemodialysis patients with end-stage diabetic nephropathy in a tertiary hospital in Guizhou, China: a cross-sectional survey.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Thinner inner retinal layers are associated with lower cognitive performance, lower brain volume, and altered white matter network structure-The Maastricht Study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Gender Differences in the Incidence of Nephropathy and Changes in Renal Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2024Article
- An Update on the Interdisciplinary Dental Care Approach for Geriatric Diabetic Patients.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- NT-proBNP and cardiovascular event risk in individuals with prediabetes undergoing cardiovascular evaluation.Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2023Article
- Observational
- Transcriptomic clock predicts vascular changes of prodromal diabetic retinopathy.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Association between Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy as Measured Using a Point-of-Care Sural Nerve Conduction Device and Urinary Albumin Excretion in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Sex differences in type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWomen with type 2 diabetes are disproportionally affected by macrovascular complications; we here investigated whether this is also the case for microvascular complications and retinal microvascular measures.
methodsIn a population-based cohort study of individuals aged 40-75 years (n = 3410; 49% women, 29% type 2 diabetes (oversampled by design)), we estimated sex-specific associations, and differences therein, of (pre)diabetes (reference: normal glucose metabolism), and of continuous measures of glycemia with microvascular complications and retinal measures (nephropathy, sensory neuropathy, and retinal arteriolar and venular diameters and dilatation). Sex differences were analyzed using regression models with interaction terms (i.e. sex-by- (pre)diabetes and sex-by-glycemia) and were adjusted for potential confounders.
resultsMen with type 2 diabetes (but not those with prediabetes) compared to men with normal glucose metabolism, (and men with higher levels of glycemia), had significantly higher prevalences of nephropathy (odds ratio: 1.58 95% CI (1.01;2.46)) and sensory neuropathy (odds ratio: 2.46 (1.67;3.63)), larger retinal arteriolar diameters (difference: 4.29 µm (1.22;7.36)) and less retinal arteriolar dilatation (difference: - 0.74% (- 1.22; - 0.25)). In women, these associations were numerically in the same direction, but generally not statistically significant (odds ratios: 1.71 (0.90;3.25) and 1.22 (0.75;1.98); differences: 0.29 µm (- 3.50;4.07) and: - 0.52% (- 1.11;0.08), respectively). Interaction analyses revealed no consistent pattern of sex differences in the associations of either prediabetes or type 2 diabetes or glycemia with microvascular complications or retinal measures. The prevalence of advanced-stage complications was too low for evaluation.
conclusionsOur findings show that women with type 2 diabetes are not disproportionately affected by early microvascular complications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.