ArticlePloS one2021
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury affects inflammation and excitotoxic mRNA expression at acute and chronic time-points.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploiting blood-based biomarkers to align preclinical models with human traumatic brain injury.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Mild and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury: Changes in microglial cells and synapses.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Repurposing Leucovorin for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence from Biochemical and Behavioral Outcomes in Rats.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Impact frequency and interval modulate brain network outcomes in a rat model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Investigating associations between serum inflammatory cytokines at the time of second mild traumatic brain injury with acute neurological signs, axonal injury and behavioural outcomes in male Sprague-Dawley rats.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Genetic Differences Modify Anesthetic Preconditioning of Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila.Journal of neurotrauma · 2025Article
- Uncovering injury-specific proteomic signatures and neurodegenerative risks in single and repetitive traumatic brain injury.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Article
- Parthanatos drives cognitive decline in repeated brain trauma: MSC-derived exosomes as a novel therapeutic strategy.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Investigating the Impact of Turmeric on Neuroinflammation and Degenerative Changes in Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injuries: Insights from Murine Model.Korean journal of neurotrauma · 2025Article
- Cognitive impairment in Chinese traumatic brain injury patients: from challenge to future perspectives.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- Repeated mild traumatic brain injury in mice elicits long term innate immune cell alterations in blood, spleen, and brain.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2023Article
- Loss of Consciousness and Righting Reflex Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Predictors of Post-Injury Symptom Development (A Narrative Review).Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Understanding microglial responses in large animal models of traumatic brain injury: an underutilized resource for preclinical and translational research.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Review
- Partial Depletion of Microglia Attenuates Long-Term Potentiation Deficits following Repeated Blast Traumatic Brain Injury in Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures.Journal of neurotrauma · 2023Article
- Regulation of microglial responses after pediatric traumatic brain injury: exploring the role of SHIP-1.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury-induced neurodegeneration and inflammation is attenuated by acetyl-L-carnitine in a preclinical model.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The cumulative effect of mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) can result in chronic neurological damage, however the molecular mechanisms underpinning this detriment require further investigation. A closed head weight drop model that replicates the biomechanics and head acceleration forces of human mTBI was used to provide an exploration of the acute and chronic outcomes following single and repeated impacts. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned into one of four impact groups (control; one, five and 15 impacts) which were delivered over 23 days. Outcomes were assessed 48 hours and 3 months following the final mTBI. Hippocampal spatial learning and memory assessment revealed impaired performance in the 15-impact group compared with control in the acute phase that persisted at chronic measurement. mRNA analyses were performed on brain tissue samples of the cortex and hippocampus using quantitative RT-PCR. Eight genes were assessed, namely MAPT, GFAP, AIF1, GRIA1, CCL11, TARDBP, TNF, and NEFL, with expression changes observed based on location and follow-up duration. The cortex and hippocampus showed vulnerability to insult, displaying upregulation of key excitotoxicity and inflammation genes. Serum samples showed no difference between groups for proteins phosphorylated tau and GFAP. These data suggest that the cumulative effect of the impacts was sufficient to induce mTBI pathophysiology and clinical features. The genes investigated in this study provide opportunity for further investigation of mTBI-related neuropathology and may provide targets in the development of therapies that help mitigate the effects of mTBI.
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