ArticleBrain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)2021
Diverse changes in microglia morphology and axonal pathology during the course of 1 year after mild traumatic brain injury in pigs.
Article in Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mild and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury: Changes in microglial cells and synapses.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- PIGMENT: A deep learning framework for Porcine Immunohistochemistry seGMENTation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Spatial associations between neuronal membrane damage and vasculature after repetitive diffuse TBI in pigs.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- Revisiting the critical roles of reactive microglia in traumatic brain injury.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2025Review
- Mitochondrial and ER stress crosstalk in TBI: mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Review
- Peripheral immune cell dysregulation following diffuse traumatic brain injury in pigs.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Microglial process convergence onto injured axonal swellings, a human postmortem brain tissue study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Neuropathological mRNA Expression Changes after Single Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Pigs.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Microglial process convergence onto injured axonal swellings, a human postmortem brain tissue study.Research square · 2024Article
- Histological Characterisation of a Sheep Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study.Neurotrauma reports · 2024Article
- Backpack-mediated anti-inflammatory macrophage cell therapy for the treatment of traumatic brain injury.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- Hippocampal interneuronal dysfunction and hyperexcitability in a porcine model of concussion.Communications biology · 2023Article
- Review
- Persistence of Hyper-Ramified Microglia in Porcine Cortical Gray Matter after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Multimodal Neuromonitoring and Neurocritical Care in Swine to Enhance Translational Relevance in Brain Trauma Research.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- The Importance of Animal Models in Biomedical Research: Current Insights and Applications.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Understanding microglial responses in large animal models of traumatic brain injury: an underutilized resource for preclinical and translational research.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Review
- Characterization of Traumatic Brain Injury in a Gyrencephalic Ferret Model Using the Novel Closed Head Injury Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration (CHIMERA).Neurotrauma reports · 2023Article
- Combined cell grafting and VPA administration facilitates neural repair through axonal regeneration and synaptogenesis in traumatic brain injury.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2022Article
- Temporal profile of serum metabolites and inflammation following closed head injury in rats is associated with HPA axis hyperactivity.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Over 2.8 million people experience mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the United States each year, which may lead to long-term neurological dysfunction. The mechanical forces that are caused by TBI propagate through the brain to produce diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and trigger secondary neuroinflammatory cascades. The cascades may persist from acute to chronic time points after injury, altering the homeostasis of the brain. However, the relationship between the hallmark axonal pathology of diffuse TBI and potential changes in glial cell activation or morphology have not been established in a clinically relevant large animal model at chronic time points. In this study, we assessed the tissue from pigs subjected to rapid head rotation in the coronal plane to generate mild TBI. Neuropathological assessments for axonal pathology, microglial morphological changes, and astrocyte reactivity were conducted in specimens out to 1-year post-injury. We detected an increase in overall amyloid precursor protein pathology, as well as periventricular white matter and fimbria/fornix pathology after a single mild TBI. We did not detect the changes in corpus callosum integrity or astrocyte reactivity. However, detailed microglial skeletal analysis revealed changes in morphology, most notably increases in the number of microglial branches, junctions, and endpoints. These subtle changes were most evident in periventricular white matter and certain hippocampal subfields, and were observed out to 1-year post-injury in some cases. These ongoing morphological alterations suggest persistent change in neuroimmune homeostasis. Additional studies are needed to characterize the underlying molecular and neurophysiological alterations, as well as potential contributions to neurological deficits.
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