ReviewClinical pharmacokinetics2021
Contribution of the Gut Microbiome to Drug Disposition, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Variability.
Review in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global bibliometric analysis of traditional Chinese medicine regulating gut microbiota in the treatment of diabetes from 2004 to 2024.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Engineered probiotic-derived indole-3-propionic acid inhibits ubiquitination via AHR signaling to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Pharmacomicrobiomics-driven targeted drug delivery for precision microbiome modulation.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2026Review
- Review Article: The Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Ulcerative Colitis Pharmacotherapy.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Pharmacomicrobiomics: From Host-Microbiome-Drug Interactions to Clinical Translation in Precision Medicine.Metabolites · 2026Review
- Microencapsulation Strategies in Veterinary Medicine: Overcoming Gastrointestinal Barriers in Monogastric and Ruminant Species.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- How Polyphenol Metabolites Spatiotemporally Reprogram Transcription Factors and Human Proteostasis: A Metabolite-Centric Framework.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Integrating Human Intestinal Organoids into FDA's New Approach Methodologies for Drug Discovery.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- New Personalized Medicine Model for Medication Management.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Curcumin Between Pleiotropic Potential and Translational Constraints.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Harnessing the gut microbiome for precision therapeutics in heart failure.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota and Hypertension: Mechanisms, Drug Interactions, and Translational Directions for Individualized Therapy.International journal of general medicine · 2026Review
- Microbiome-aware oral drug delivery: excipient-microbiome interactions and nanocarrier design rules for predictable formulation performance.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Phage therapy and the microbiome in hematologic malignancies: opportunities, mechanisms, and early evidence.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Gut Microbiota in the Regulation of Intestinal Drug Transporters: Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacokinetic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Gut bacteria and the host synergies promote resveratrol metabolism and induce tolerance in ALD mice.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Article
- The Role of Livestock Antibiotic Use in Microbiota Dysbiosis and Neuroinflammation.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Targeted Gut Microbiota Modulation Enhances Levodopa Bioavailability and Motor Recovery in MPTP Parkinson's Disease Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Microdose Cocktail Study Reveals the Activity and Key Influencing Factors of OATP1B, P-Gp, BCRP, and CYP3A in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The trillions of microbes that make up the gut microbiome are an important contributor to health and disease. With respect to xenobiotics, particularly orally administered compounds, the gut microbiome interacts directly with drugs to break them down into metabolic products. In addition, microbial products such as bile acids interact with nuclear receptors on host drug-metabolizing enzyme machinery, thus indirectly influencing drug disposition and pharmacokinetics. Gut microbes also influence drugs that undergo enterohepatic recycling by reversing host enzyme metabolic processes and increasing exposure to toxic metabolites as exemplified by the chemotherapy agent irinotecan and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Recent data with immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrate the impact of the gut microbiome on drug pharmacodynamics. We summarize the clinical importance of gut microbe interaction with digoxin, irinotecan, immune checkpoint inhibitors, levodopa, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Understanding the complex interactions of the gut microbiome with xenobiotics is challenging; and highly sensitive methods such as untargeted metabolomics with molecular networking along with other in silico methods and animal and human in vivo studies will uncover mechanisms and pathways. Incorporating the contribution of the gut microbiome to drug disposition, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics is vital in this era of precision medicine.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.