ReviewClinical kidney journal2021
Pharmacoepidemiology for nephrologists (part 2): potential biases and how to overcome them.
Review in Clinical kidney journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Resection of the primary tumor with or without liver resection reduces the risk of death in patients with liver metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- COVID-19 Vaccination and Cardiopulmonary Events After Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Target trial emulation to assess real-world efficacy in the Epidemiological Strategy and Medical Economics metastatic breast cancer cohort.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2023Trial
- Causal Effects of Early Discontinuation of Proton Pump Inhibitors on Kidney Failure.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- Comment on 'Renoprotective effects of dapagliflozin in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease: A retrospective observational study'.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Time-related Bias With Non-user Control.Journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Effect of psychotropic medications on suicide-related outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Pharmacoepidemiology unpacked: a roadmap for junior researchers.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Response to Letter to the Editor "Methodological Considerations on the Longitudinal Analysis of Polymyxin B‑Induced Kidney Injury" [Response to Letter].Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Article
- Identifying and avoiding design related biases in observational studies using the target trial framework.BMJ medicine · 2026Article
- Comparative effectiveness and safety of dual antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor vs. clopidogrel in older adults with acute coronary syndrome: a target trial emulation study.European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy · 2025Article
- A retrospective cohort study of valproate and infertility in men with epilepsy or bipolar disorder using international health data.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Vancomycin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Intensive Care Patients: A Target Trial Emulation Study Using Multicenter Routinely Collected Data.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2025Article
- Hyperkalemia and maintenance of renin-angiotensin system inhibitor therapy after initiating SGLT-2 or DPP-4 inhibitors.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2025Article
- Timing of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor initiation and post-discharge outcomes in acute heart failure with diabetes: A population-based cohort study.European journal of heart failure · 2025Article
- Stopping Versus Continuing Metformin in Patients With Advanced CKD: A Nationwide Scottish Target Trial Emulation Study.American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2025 · on this mapObservational
- When impact trials are not feasible: alternatives to study the impact of prediction models on clinical practice.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2024Article
- Impact of arteriovenous fistula formation on trajectory of kidney function decline: a target trial emulation.Clinical kidney journal · 2024Article
- Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate treatment and rates of emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia: a propensity-score weighted case-control study.Clinical kidney journal · 2024Article
- Antihypertensive Drug Treatment and the Risk for Intrahemodialysis Hypotension.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Observational pharmacoepidemiological studies using routinely collected healthcare data are increasingly being used in the field of nephrology to answer questions on the effectiveness and safety of medications. This review discusses a number of biases that may arise in such studies and proposes solutions to minimize them during the design or statistical analysis phase. We first describe designs to handle confounding by indication (e.g. active comparator design) and methods to investigate the influence of unmeasured confounding, such as the E-value, the use of negative control outcomes and control cohorts. We next discuss prevalent user and immortal time biases in pharmacoepidemiology research and how these can be prevented by focussing on incident users and applying either landmarking, using a time-varying exposure, or the cloning, censoring and weighting method. Lastly, we briefly discuss the common issues with missing data and misclassification bias. When these biases are properly accounted for, pharmacoepidemiological observational studies can provide valuable information for clinical practice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.