ArticleNeuropsychiatric disease and treatment2021
Comparative Effects of Repetitive Odor Identification and Odor Memory Tasks on Olfactory Engagement in Older Populations - A Pilot fMRI Study.
Article in Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does Olfactory Training Improve Brain Function and Cognition? A Systematic Review.Neuropsychology review · 2024Pooled it
- Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in Older Adults With Olfactory Dysfunction.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2025Article
- The effect of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele and olfactory function on odor identification networks.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- Differences in olfactory functional connectivity in early-onset depression and late-onset depression.Psychoradiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study evaluated human Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) responses in primary and higher-order olfactory regions of older adults, using odor memory and odor identification tasks. The goal was to determine which olfactory and memory regions of interest are more strongly engaged in older populations comparing these two odor training tasks.
methodsTwelve adults 55-75 years old (75% females) without intranasal or major neurological disorders performed repetitive odor memory and identification tasks using a 3-tesla magnetic resonance scanner. Odors were presented intermittently at 10-second bursts separated by 20-second intervals of odorless air. Paired
resultsOdor identification compared to memory (ie, odor identification > odor memory) contrasts had several areas of significant activation, including many of the classical olfactory brain regions as well as the hippocampus. The opposite contrast (odor memory > odor identification) included the piriform cortex, though this was not significant. Both tasks equally activated the piriform cortex, and thus when the two tasks are compared to each other this area of activation appears to be either absent (OI > OM) or only weakly observed (OM > OI).
conclusionThese findings from a predominantly African American sample suggest that odor identification tasks may be more potent than memory tasks in targeted olfactory engagement in older populations. Furthermore, repetitive odor identification significantly engaged the hippocampus - a region relevant to Alzheimer's disease - more significantly than did the odor memory task. If validated in larger studies, this result could have important implications in the design of olfactory training paradigms.
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