Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33958766›Full record

ArticleNature microbiology2021

Widespread divergent transcription from bacterial and archaeal promoters is a consequence of DNA-sequence symmetry.

Emily A Warman, David Forrest, Thomas Guest, James J R J Haycocks, Joseph T Wade, David C Grainger

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
42citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

42 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. The divergentMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2026
    Article
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  17. Cappable-seq RNA-sequencing data sets ofMicrobiology resource announcements · 2025
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Transcription activation inEcoSal Plus · 2024
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Emily A WarmanInstitute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
David ForrestInstitute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Thomas GuestInstitute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-0611
James J R J HaycocksInstitute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Joseph T WadeWadsworth Centre, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9779-3160
David C GraingerInstitute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. d.grainger@bham.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3375-5154

Funding

Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 212193/Z/18/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Transcription initiates at promoters, DNA regions recognized by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. We previously identified horizontally acquired Escherichia coli promoters from which the direction of transcription was unclear. In the present study, we show that more than half of these promoters are bidirectional and drive divergent transcription. Using genome-scale approaches, we demonstrate that 19% of all transcription start sites detected in E. coli are associated with a bidirectional promoter. Bidirectional promoters are similarly common in diverse bacteria and archaea, and have inherent symmetry: specific bases required for transcription initiation are reciprocally co-located on opposite DNA strands. Bidirectional promoters enable co-regulation of divergent genes and are enriched in both intergenic and horizontally acquired regions. Divergent transcription is conserved among bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, but the underlying mechanisms for bidirectionality are different.

Indexed as

Promoter Regions, GeneticTranscription Initiation SiteArchaeaBase SequenceDNA, ArchaealDNA, BacterialEscherichia coliGene Transfer, HorizontalDNA, ArchaealDNA, Bacterial

Identifiers

PMID33958766
PMCPMC7612053

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.