ReviewLeukemia2021
Hypomethylating agents (HMA) for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes: mechanisms of resistance and novel HMA-based therapies.
Review in Leukemia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06923488 (Phase I/II Study of Leflunomide in Combination With Decitabine for Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory), which is not on this map. Cited by 158 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase I/II Study of Leflunomide in Combination With Decitabine for Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory (R/R) Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
Who cites it
158 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 200 citations in OpenAlex.
- Azacitidine and decitabine show distinct response patterns in pediatric Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia before HSCT: a systematic review and quantitative analysis.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy of epigenetic agents for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome in randomized controlled trials: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical response to azacitidine in MDS is associated with distinct DNA methylation changes in HSPCs.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- The antileukemic activity of decitabine upon PML/RARA-negative AML blasts is supported by all-trans retinoic acid: in vitro and in vivo evidence for cooperation.Blood cancer journal · 2022Trial
- Revisiting retinoic acid in AML therapy: mechanisms of action and rational combination strategies.British journal of cancer · 2026Review
- Retinoic acid in health and disease.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Aberrant fucosylation of extracellular vesicles remodels the vascular microenvironment and promotes chemoresistance in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia.Haematologica · 2026Article
- The "Sweet" crosstalk between refractory leukemia cells and vascular niche.Haematologica · 2026Article
- Targeting CDK7 to overcome hypomethylating agent resistance in acute myeloid leukemia.Blood research · 2026Article
- DNA Hypomethylation Is Not Cell Intrinsically Toxic to Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Deficient Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors.Genes, chromosomes & cancer · 2026Article
- Bone marrow immunosuppressive states associate with survival after guadecitabine and atezolizumab therapy in HMA-R/R MDS.Blood neoplasia · 2026Article
- DNA/RNA Methylation-Driven Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction: Emerging Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities for Heart Failure in Diabetes.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2026Review
- Mapping the research landscape of myelodysplastic syndromes: a scientometric analysis (2014-2025).Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Predicting response to hypomethylating agents in myeloid neoplasms: a robust model.Annals of hematology · 2026Article
- Diagnosis-Driven Targeted Therapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Clinical Integration of Tyrosine Kinase, BCL-2, and CD33-Directed Strategies with Midostaurin, Venetoclax, and Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Mimicking mammalian hibernation to lock cancer cells in safe quiescence.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Myeloid Malignancies Beyond the Cell: Targeting the Tumour Microenvironment with Next-Generation Immunotherapies.Cancers · 2026Review
- Epidemiology and prognostic factors of acute erythroid leukemia.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Article
- Post-transplant oral decitabine and cedazuridine maintenance in high-risk acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
98 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation plays a pivotal role in tumor development and progression. DNA hypomethylating agents (HMA) constitute a class of drugs which are able to reverse DNA methylation, thereby triggering the re-programming of tumor cells. The first-generation HMA azacitidine and decitabine have now been in standard clinical use for some time, offering a valuable alternative to previous treatments in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes, so far particularly in older, medically non-fit patients. However, the longer we use these drugs, the more we are confronted with the (almost inevitable) development of resistance. This review provides insights into the mode of action of HMA, mechanisms of resistance to this treatment, and strategies to overcome HMA resistance including next-generation HMA and HMA-based combination therapies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.