ReviewPLoS neglected tropical diseases2021
A 20-year historical review of West Nile virus since its initial emergence in North America: Has West Nile virus become a neglected tropical disease?
Review in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inflammatory Response Associated with West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2024Pooled it
- West Nile virus: epidemiology, prevention, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and open research questions.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Mosquito feeding patterns in the context of West Nile and eastern equine encephalitis viruses in eastern Ontario, Canada.Medical and veterinary entomology · 2026Article
- Not all West Nile virus lineages behave alike: dose-response differences between lineages 1 and 2.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Patterns of emergence and circulation of West Nile Virus in Algeria.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A Modular Design of a Cholera Toxin B Subunit-Scaffolded Sub-Virion Nanoparticle Vaccine Against West Nile Virus.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Article
- Ecologic Factors Contributing to West Nile Virus Hyperendemicity in Central South Carolina: An Integrated Vector-Human-Environmental Study.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2026Article
- Smart Bioaerosol Monitoring: Advanced Sampling and Sensing across Environmental, Clinical, and Industrial Domains.ACS omega · 2026Review
- A blood safety perspective on emerging arboviral infections in the United Kingdom.Transfusion medicine (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Vector Potential Index: Bridging Competence and Contribution as an Integrative Measure of Relative Transmission Capability.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- A Review of the Changing Global Impact of Arthropod-Borne Virus Diseases and Recent Initiatives from the World Health Organization.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Review
- Place-based communication methods and prior knowledge increase public perceptions regarding West Nile virus risk and personal protective behaviors in Colorado.BMC public health · 2025Article
- West Nile virus vaccine candidates attenuated by dinucleotide enrichment are immunogenic and protective against lethal infection.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Vectors on the Move: How Climate Change Fuels the Spread of Arboviruses in Europe.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Astrocytic RIPK3 exerts protective anti-inflammatory activity in mice with viral encephalitis by transcriptional induction of serpins.Science signaling · 2025Article
- West Nile virus in Culex mosquitoes and dead birds from the San Gabriel Valley, California, 2021-2022.Archives of virology · 2025Article
- Mechanistic evidence of widespread insecticide resistance among the Illinois West nile virus vectors Culex pipiens and Culex restuans.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Fluralaner treatment of chickens kills the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus.Medical and veterinary entomology · 2025Article
- Flavivirus infections and diagnostic challenges for dengue, West Nile and Zika Viruses.Npj viruses · 2025Review
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
After the unexpected arrival of West Nile virus (WNV) in the United States in 1999, the mosquito-borne virus quickly spread throughout North America. Over the past 20 years, WNV has become endemic, with sporadic epizootics. Concerns about the economic impact of infection in horses lead to the licensure of an equine vaccine as early as 2005, but few advances regarding human vaccines or treatments have since been made. There is a high level of virus transmission in hot/humid, subtropical climates, and high morbidity that may disproportionately affect vulnerable populations including the homeless, elderly, and those with underlying health conditions. Although WNV continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality at great cost, funding and research have declined in recent years. These factors, combined with neglect by policy makers and amenability of control measures, indicate that WNV has become a neglected tropical disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.