GuidelineMMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports2021
Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Botulism, 2021.
Guideline in MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02051062 (Pharmacokinetics of Botulism Antitoxin Heptavalent), which is not on this map. Cited by 99 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Pharmacokinetics of Botulism Antitoxin Heptavalent (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) - (Equine) (BAT®) in Pediatric Patients With a Confirmed or Suspected Exposure to Botulinum Neurotoxin
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 201 citations in OpenAlex.
- Botulism in the 21st Century: A Scoping Review.The Brown journal of hospital medicine · 2023Pooled it
- The development and use of decision support framework for informing selection of select agent toxins with modelling studies to inform permissible toxin amounts.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Advances in detecting category A biothreat agents: Toward symptom-driven sensing strategies.Synthetic and systems biotechnology · 2026Review
- Tracing and characterization of a family outbreak of subtype B2 botulism linked to homemade pickled eggs in Jinan, China.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Botulism Type F, a Rare Type of Botulism that Can Masquerade as a Posterior Fossa Stroke.Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology · 2026Article
- Botulinum neurotoxin: from molecular pathogenesis to emerging countermeasures.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2026Review
- Article
- Adverse neurological events following botulinum toxin type A: A case series of post-injection seizures and paralysis.Toxicon: X · 2026Article
- Critical role of empiric antitoxin therapy in suspectedASM case reports · 2026Article
- Foodborne Botulism in an Immunocompetent Adult Following the Consumption of a Prepackaged Soup.Cureus · 2026Article
- A case report of atypical type E botulism.World journal of emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Equine botulism.Equine veterinary journal · 2026Review
- Enteric botulinum neurotoxins facilitate infection byScience advances · 2026Article
- The unsung hero:Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics and predictors of prolonged hospitalization in patients with cosmetic botulinum toxin poisoning: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Wound Botulism Complicating a Snake Bite Wound Following Traditional Application of Raw Goat Skin Successfully Treated with Botulinum Antitoxin: A Case Report.International medical case reports journal · 2026Article
- Investigating the dual nature ofLe infezioni in medicina · 2026Review
- Article
- Botulism Sequelae: A Systematic Review.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulism is a rare, neurotoxin-mediated, life-threatening disease characterized by flaccid descending paralysis that begins with cranial nerve palsies and might progress to extremity weakness and respiratory failure. Botulinum neurotoxin, which inhibits acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, is produced by the anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium Clostridium botulinum and, rarely, by related species (C. baratii and C. butyricum). Exposure to the neurotoxin occurs through ingestion of toxin (foodborne botulism), bacterial colonization of a wound (wound botulism) or the intestines (infant botulism and adult intestinal colonization botulism), and high-concentration cosmetic or therapeutic injections of toxin (iatrogenic botulism). In addition, concerns have been raised about the possibility of a bioterrorism event involving toxin exposure through intentional contamination of food or drink or through aerosolization. Neurologic symptoms are similar regardless of exposure route. Treatment involves supportive care, intubation and mechanical ventilation when necessary, and administration of botulinum antitoxin. Certain neurological diseases (e.g., myasthenia gravis and Guillain-Barré syndrome) have signs and symptoms that overlap with botulism. Before the publication of these guidelines, no comprehensive clinical care guidelines existed for treating botulism. These evidence-based guidelines provide health care providers with recommended best practices for diagnosing, monitoring, and treating single cases or outbreaks of foodborne, wound, and inhalational botulism and were developed after a multiyear process involving several systematic reviews and expert input.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.