Trial reportJournal of medical Internet research2021
Effect of Cognitive Training in Fully Immersive Virtual Reality on Visuospatial Function and Frontal-Occipital Functional Connectivity in Predementia: Randomized Controlled Trial.
Trial report in Journal of medical Internet research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 15 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 15 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparing Digital Cognitive Interventions to Active Controls and Usual Care for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Training to Prevent Cognitive Decline in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Geriatrics & gerontology international · 2026Pooled it
- Digital health interventions for older adults with subjective cognitive decline or mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.BMC geriatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Immersive virtual reality for older adults with mild cognitive impairment, dementia, or cognitive frailty: a systematic review and narrative synthesis (2019-2025).BMC geriatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of different interventions based on virtual reality on cognitive and motor function in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Virtual Reality Interventions for Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of VR-based cognitive training and games on cognitive rehabilitation in patients with MCI: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of virtual reality-based training programs and games on the improvement of cognitive disorders in patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Use of Virtual Reality to Improve Spatial Orientation in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review.Current Alzheimer research · 2024Pooled it
- Virtual reality applications based on instrumental activities of daily living (iADLs) for cognitive intervention in older adults: a systematic review.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2023Pooled it
- Association of nonpharmacological interventions for cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2023Pooled it
- Fully Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Remediation for Adults with Psychosocial Disabilities: A Systematic Scoping Review of Methods Intervention Gaps and Meta-Analysis of Published Effectiveness Studies.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of Serious Games on Depression in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of medical Internet research · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effects of Electronic Sports on Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Study.Geriatrics & gerontology international · 2026Trial
- Virtual reality-based training may improve visual memory and some aspects of sustained attention among healthy older adults - preliminary results of a randomized controlled study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Trial
- Effects of Fetal Images Produced in Virtual Reality on Maternal-Fetal Attachment: Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Trial
- Cognitive Effects of a Cognitive Stimulation Programme on Trained Domains in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints: Randomised Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- Resting state brain activity and association with transfer of cognitive training gains.Neuroimage. Reports · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCognitive training can potentially prevent cognitive decline. However, the results of recent studies using semi-immersive virtual reality (VR)-assisted cognitive training are inconsistent.
objectiveWe aimed to examine the hypothesis that cognitive training using fully immersive VR, which may facilitate visuospatial processes, could improve visuospatial functioning, comprehensive neuropsychological functioning, psychiatric symptoms, and functional connectivity in the visual brain network in predementia.
methodsParticipants over 60 years old with subjective cognitive decline or mild cognitive impairment from a memory clinic were randomly allocated to the VR (n=23) or the control (n=18) group. The VR group participants received multidomain and neuropsychologist-assisted cognitive training in a fully immersive VR environment twice a week for 1 month. The control group participants did not undergo any additional intervention except for their usual therapy such as pharmacotherapy. Participants of both groups were evaluated for cognitive function using face-to-face comprehensive neuropsychological tests, including the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT) copy task; for psychiatric symptoms such as depression, apathy, affect, and quality of life; as well as resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) at baseline and after training. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the effect of cognitive training between groups. Seed-to-voxel-based analyses were used to identify the cognitive improvement-related functional connectivity in the visual network of the brain.
resultsAfter VR cognitive training, significant improvement was found in the total score (F
conclusionsFully immersive VR cognitive training had positive effects on the visuospatial function, apathy, affect, quality of life, and increased frontal-occipital functional connectivity in older people in a predementia state. Future trials using VR cognitive training with larger sample sizes and more sophisticated designs over a longer duration may reveal greater improvements in cognition, psychiatric symptoms, and brain functional connectivity.
trial registrationClinical Research Information Service KCT0005243; https://tinyurl.com/2a4kfasa.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.