ArticleEnvironmental health insights2021
A Multilevel Analysis of Factors Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in Ethiopia.
Article in Environmental health insights, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of diarrheal disease and its determinants among children under five in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Inequalities in the completion of maternal continuum of care in Ethiopia using the 2019 mini-Ethiopian demographic and health survey.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of acute diarrhea among under-five children in community-led total sanitation and hygiene implemented and non-implemented kebeles in Chiro Woreda, Eastern Ethiopia.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2026Article
- Article
- Beyond Access to Sanitation Services: How Maternal Education Moderates Childhood Diarrhea Risk in Indonesia's Multilevel Context.Journal of research in health sciences · 2026Article
- A mixed effect hierarchical analysis to quantify variation on childhood diarrhea prevalence in Mauritania: evidence from the Mauritania demographic and health survey 2019-2021.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Determinants and geographic distribution of unimproved sanitation facilities in sub-Saharan Africa, spatial and multilevel analysis using demographic and health survey (DHS) data.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Diarrhea in Yemeni children under five: A multi-level analysis of population-based surveys, 1991-2022.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Spatiotemporal variation of under-5 children diarrhea incidence and associated meteorological factors in central Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia. A retrospective time series study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Diarrhea Disease and Associated Factors Among Children Under 5 Years in Geshiyaro Project Implementation Sites in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Menstrual hygiene practice and associated factors among adolescent primary school females in Dale Woreda, Sidama, Ethiopia: a cross sectional study.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with laboratory-confirmed cases of select enteric infections in three Ethiopian communities, 2018-2022.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Prevalence of diarrhea and its associated factors among children under five years in Awi Zone, Northwest Ethiopia.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Under five children diarrhea prevalence and associated factors in slum areas of Gondar City Northwest Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Detection of spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal distribution of diarrhea incidence among under-five children in Central Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia: a time-series study (2019-2022).BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Contextual factors associated with diarrhea among under-five children in the Gambia: a multi-level analysis of population-based data.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Spatio-temporal distributions and determinants of diarrhea among under-five children in Ethiopia.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- A multilevel analysis of the predictors of diarrhea among children under 5 years of age in Eswatini.Journal of public health in Africa · 2023Article
- Article
- Determinants, inequalities, and spatial patterns of diarrhea in the Peruvian under-five population: findings from nationally representative survey data.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundChildhood diarrhea is the major contributor to the deaths of children under the age of 5 years in Ethiopia, but evidence at the national level to identify the contributing factors associated with diarrhea by considering the clustering effects is limited. Hence, this study aimed to identify factors associated with childhood diarrhea at the individual and community levels.
methodsA secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2011 and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A total of 23 321 children with their mothers were included in this study, and multilevel logistic regression models were applied for the data analysis.
resultsThe odds of diarrhea among female children were 13% lower (AOR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.79-0.94) compared with male children. The odds of diarrhea among children aged between 13 and 24 months were 31% higher than (AOR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.17-1.47) their younger counter parts. Children aged ⩾25 months (AOR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.45-0.56), those whose mothers were unemployed (AOR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.73-0.87), and children live in households between 2 and 3 under-5 children (AOR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.79-0.96) were associated with lower odds of experiencing diarrhea. The odds of diarrhea among children whose mother had no formal education were 49% higher than (AOR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.08-2.07) their counterparts. Besides, children residing in city administrations (AOR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.58-0.82) had lower odds of experiencing diarrhea than children living in agrarian regions.
conclusionsAt the individual level (sex and age of the child, mother's employment status, and educational level, and the number of under-5 children) and the community-level (contextual region) were found to be significant factors associated with childhood diarrhea in Ethiopia.
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