ReviewTherapeutics and clinical risk management2021
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: A Fiction, Hope or Hype? An Updated Review.
Review in Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Potential effects of propolis and honey in COVID-19 prevention and treatment: A systematic review of in silico and clinical studies.Journal of integrative medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Natural and Synthetic Coumarins as Potential Drug Candidates against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- COVID-19 Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Profiles of Independent-Comorbidity Groups in Senior COVID-19 Patients Reveal Low Fatality Associated with Standard Care and Low-Dose Hydroxychloroquine over Antivirals [Letter].Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2023Article
- Low-cost zeolitic carriers for delivery of hydroxychloroquine immunomodulatory agent with antiviral activity.Microporous and mesoporous materials : the official journal of the International Zeolite Association · 2022Article
- Quinolizidines as Novel SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Protection by hydroxychloroquine prevents placental injury in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2022Article
- Pulmonary Delivery of Hydroxychloroquine Nanostructured Lipid Carrier as a Potential Treatment of COVID-19.Polymers · 2022Article
- Potential Antiviral Strategy Exploiting Dependence of SARS-CoV-2 Replication on Lysosome-Based Pathway.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- A review on drug repurposing in COVID-19: from antiviral drugs to herbal alternatives.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2022Review
- Diabetes-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs: The Roles of DMARDs as Glucose-Lowering Agents.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- Novel antiviral effects of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and green tea catechins against SARS CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and 3C-like protease for COVID-19 treatment.Clinical nutrition open science · 2022Review
- Social Media and COVID-19-Perceptions and Public Deceptions of Ivermectin, Colchicine and Hydroxychloroquine: Lessons for Future Pandemics.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Can anti-parasitic drugs help control COVID-19?Future virology · 2022Review
- Demand of COVID-19 medicines without prescription among community pharmacies in Jodhpur, India: Findings and implications.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2022Article
- A critical analysis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) complexities, emerging variants, and therapeutic interventions and vaccination strategies.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2022Review
- Approaches to the Potential Therapy of COVID-19: A General Overview from the Medicinal Chemistry Perspective.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Genetic Polymorphisms and the Clinical Response to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Treatment Towards Personalized Medicine.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19: possible mechanisms and therapeutic management.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2021Review
- SARS-CoV-2 at the human-animal interphase: A review.Heliyon · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 16 institutions in 10 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) that began in China had infected so far more than 109,217,366 million individuals worldwide and accounted for more than 2,413,912 fatalities. With the dawn of this novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), there was a requirement to select potential therapies that might effectively kill the virus, accelerate the recovery, or decrease the case fatality rate. Besides the currently available antiviral medications for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), the chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (CQ/HCQ) regimen with or without azithromycin has been repurposed in China and was recommended by the National Health Commission, China in mid-February 2020. By this time, the selection of this regimen was based on its efficacy against the previous SARS-CoV-1 virus and its potential to inhibit viral replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. There was a shortage of robust clinical proof about the effectiveness of this regimen against the novel SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, extensive research effort has been made by several researchers worldwide to investigate whether this regimen is safe and effective for the management of COVID-19. In this review, we provided a comprehensive overview of the CQ/HCQ regimen, summarizing data from in vitro studies and clinical trials for the protection against or the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Despite the initial promising results from the in vitro studies and the widespread use of CQ/HCQ in clinical settings during the 1st wave of COVID-19, current data from well-designed randomized controlled trials showed no evidence of benefit from CQ/HCQ supplementation for the treatment or prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Particularly, the two largest randomized controlled trials to date (RECOVERY and WHO SOLIDARITY trials), both confirmed that CQ/HCQ regimen does not provide any clinical benefit for COVID-19 patients. Therefore, we do not recommend the use of this regimen in COVID-19 patients outside the context of clinical trials.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.