SynthesisBMJ open2021
Systematic review on the instruments used for measuring the association of the level of multimorbidity and clinically important outcomes.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Multimorbidity and analgesic-related harms: a systematic review.British journal of anaesthesia · 2025Pooled it
- How to assess multimorbidity: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Outcome measurement for multiple long-term conditions research across health-care settings - an overview of reviews.BMC medicine · 2026Review
- Risk of Multiple Sclerosis Among Persons with Epstein Barr Virus-Positive Mononucleosis: A Population-Based Study.Neurology open access · 2026Article
- How postmenopausal osteoporosis influences epidemiology and clinical features of CRPS-1.Journal of bone and mineral metabolism · 2026Article
- Article
- Multimorbidity in the Brazilian adult population: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence.PloS one · 2026Article
- An instrument for measuring the influence of nursing care on the length of stay in heart failure hospitalizations of African Americans.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Multimorbidity measurement strategies for predicting hospital visits.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Association of preoperative health status with risk of complications after primary total hip arthroplasty: how useful are the measures self-rated health, ASA classification and comorbidity count?BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Article
- Scoping review of the use of multimorbidity variables in cardiovascular disease risk prediction.BMC public health · 2025Article
- How do people with multimorbidity prioritise healthcare when faced with tighter financial constraints? A national survey with a choice experiment component.BMC primary care · 2025Article
- Capturing the care of complex community-based health center patients: A comparison of multimorbidity indices and clinical classification software.Health services research · 2025Article
- Applicability of the adjusted morbidity groups algorithm for healthcare programming: results of a pilot study in Italy.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Reporting of pre-existing multiple long-term conditions in physical rehabilitation for long COVID: a scoping review.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2024Article
- Association of latent class analysis-derived multimorbidity clusters with adverse health outcomes in patients with multiple long-term conditions: comparative results across three UK cohorts.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Molecular Morbidity Score-Can MicroRNAs Assess the Burden of Disease?International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Predicting healthcare expenditure based on Adjusted Morbidity Groups to implement a needs-based capitation financing system.Health economics review · 2024Article
- Impact of nurse-led interprofessional work in older patients with heart failure and multimorbidity: A retrospective cohort study.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2024Article
- Screening for Academic Risk Among Students With Cleft Lip and/or Palate: Patterns of Risk and Qualities of Effective Tools.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThere are multiple instruments for measuring multimorbidity. The main objective of this systematic review was to provide a list of instruments that are suitable for use in studies aiming to measure the association of a specific outcome with different levels of multimorbidity as the main independent variable in community-dwelling individuals. The secondary objective was to provide details of the requirements, strengths and limitations of these instruments, and the chosen outcomes.
methodsWe conducted the review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018105297). We searched MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL electronic databases published in English and manually searched the
resultsNinety-six studies were identified, with 69 of them rated to have a low risk of bias. In total, 33 unique instruments were described. Disease Count and weighted indices like Charlson Comorbidity Index were commonly used. Other approaches included pharmaceutical-based instruments. Disease Count was the common instrument used for measuring all three essential core outcomes of multimorbidity research: mortality, mental health and quality of life. There was a rise in the development of novel weighted indices by using prognostic models. The data obtained for measuring multimorbidity were from sources including medical records, patient self-reports and large administrative databases.
conclusionsWe listed the details of 33 instruments for measuring the level of multimorbidity as a resource for investigators interested in the measurement of multimorbidity for its association with or prediction of a specific outcome.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.