ReviewAging cell2021
The impact of aging on innate and adaptive immunity in the human female genital tract.
Review in Aging cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global burden of disease attributable to unsafe sex among adults aged 60 years and older, 1990-2023: a secondary analysis of the global burden of disease study 2023.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- T-Cell Biology in the Female Reproductive Tract: Relevance to HIV Infection.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Mucosal Dynamics Contributing to Innate Immune Responses to HIV in the Human Female Genital Tract.Viruses · 2026Review
- Innate Immune Protection Against HIV in the Female Genital Tract.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Single-cell analysis of the human immune system reveals sex-specific dynamics of immunosenescence.Nature aging · 2026Article
- Advances in multi-omics and aging clock research for female reproductive health and aging.MedScience · 2026Review
- Article
- Decoding functional and developmental trajectories of tissue-resident uterine dendritic cells through integrative omics.iScience · 2025Article
- Risk factors for parametrial invasion in early-stage cervical cancer: Toward less radical surgery.Turkish journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2025Article
- Innate lymphoid cells in HIV pathogenesis and in the human female genital tract.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2025Review
- Aging Selectively Alters PRR and ISG Expression in Endo- and Ecto-Cervical Stromal Fibroblasts From the Human Female Reproductive Tract.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2025Article
- Article
- Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of high-risk HPV infection, cervical cancer, and precancerous lesions among women in Southwestern China.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- The role of dysbiosis in shaping host immunity in endometrial cancer development.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Mechanistic insights and biomarker discovery in immune cell aging and age-associated diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The Role of NK and T Cells in Endometriosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- A multi-organ map of the human immune system across age, sex and ethnicity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Increases in the susceptibility of human endometrial CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Role of the epithelium in human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus infections in the female genital tract.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2024Review
- Morphology of the immune cells in the wall of the human uterine tube and their possible impact on reproduction-uterine tube as a possible immune privileged organ.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Mucosal tissues in the human female reproductive tract (FRT) are primary sites for both gynecological cancers and infections by a spectrum of sexually transmitted pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), that compromise women's health. While the regulation of innate and adaptive immune protection in the FRT by hormonal cyclic changes across the menstrual cycle and pregnancy are being intensely studied, little to nothing is known about the alterations in mucosal immune protection that occur throughout the FRT as women age following menopause. The immune system in the FRT has two key functions: defense against pathogens and reproduction. After menopause, natural reproductive function ends, and therefore, two overlapping processes contribute to alterations in immune protection in aging women: menopause and immunosenescence. The goal of this review is to summarize the multiple immune changes that occur in the FRT with aging, including the impact on the function of epithelial cells, immune cells, and stromal fibroblasts. These studies indicate that major aspects of innate and adaptive immunity in the FRT are compromised in a site-specific manner in the FRT as women age. Further, at some FRT sites, immunological compensation occurs. Overall, alterations in mucosal immune protection contribute to the increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI), urogenital infections, and gynecological cancers. Further studies are essential to provide a foundation for the development of novel therapeutic interventions to restore immune protection and reverse conditions that threaten women's lives as they age.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.