ReviewPhysiological reviews2022
Fluid transport in the brain.
Review in Physiological reviews, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 347 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
347 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 528 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neuroinflammation and postoperative neurocognitive disorders in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Associations between the brain glymphatic system and mitochondrial (dys)function: a systematic review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Sleep deprivation and sleep intensity exert distinct effects on cerebral vasomotion and brain pulsations driven by the respiratory and cardiac cycles.PLoS biology · 2025Trial
- The glymphatic-lymphatic axis: known pathways, open questions, and emerging roles in neurodegeneration.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Quantifying Cardiac, Respiratory, and Low Frequency Components of CSF Motion From fMRI Inflow Effects.Magnetic resonance in medicine · 2026Article
- DTI-ALPS Primarily Reflects White Matter Diffusion Dispersion and Microstructural Heterogeneity in Neurodegeneration: Insights From Multi-Modal MRI.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS): redefining its interpretation and role.Japanese journal of radiology · 2026Review
- Spatial organization of AQP4 water channel expression in the human brain.Science advances · 2026Article
- The Glymphatic System in Neurological Diseases: Mechanisms, Imaging Surrogates, and Translational Uncertainties.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- MRI-derived periventricular diffusivity contextualizes plasma pTau217 associations with Alzheimer pathology: a discovery-validation study.Research square · 2026Article
- Cross-disease protein aggregate interactions in neurodegeneration: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Evaluating the effects of aging on distribution and gene silencing activity of lipid-siRNA conjugates delivered into cerebrospinal fluid.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Neurovascular Signaling in the Perivascular Space: Biophysical Principles and Disruption in Hypertension.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2026Review
- Novel Therapeutic Insights Into Alzheimer's Disease: Glymphatic System and Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels.Aging cell · 2026Review
- DTI-ALPS as a marker of glymphatic function: Review of the literature findings, methodology, and interpretation.Neuroimage. Reports · 2026Article
- Quantification of Phosphorylated Tau Protein in Alzheimer's Disease Patients' Fluids With Electrolyte-Gated Organic Transistor Biosensors.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Neurobiological mechanisms of 40-Hz stimulation in Alzheimer's disease: evidence, heterogeneity, and constraints.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Central nervous system lymphatic network: from the maintenance of brain homeostasis to emerging therapeutic perspectives in neurodegenerative diseases.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Glymphatic dysfunction in cerebellar neurodegeneration: mechanistic insights and emerging clinical implications.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Targeting tumour-neuron synapses with intracavitary RNA delivery prevents glioblastoma recurrence.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
287 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while homeostatic functions predominate during sleep. The blood-brain barrier establishes a stable environment that is optimal for neuronal function, yet the barrier imposes a physiological problem; transcapillary filtration that forms extracellular fluid in other organs is reduced to a minimum in brain. Consequently, the brain depends on a special fluid [the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] that is flushed into brain along the unique perivascular spaces created by astrocytic vascular endfeet. We describe this pathway, coined the term glymphatic system, based on its dependency on astrocytic vascular endfeet and their adluminal expression of aquaporin-4 water channels facing toward CSF-filled perivascular spaces. Glymphatic clearance of potentially harmful metabolic or protein waste products, such as amyloid-β, is primarily active during sleep, when its physiological drivers, the cardiac cycle, respiration, and slow vasomotion, together efficiently propel CSF inflow along periarterial spaces. The brain's extracellular space contains an abundance of proteoglycans and hyaluronan, which provide a low-resistance hydraulic conduit that rapidly can expand and shrink during the sleep-wake cycle. We describe this unique fluid system of the brain, which meets the brain's requisites to maintain homeostasis similar to peripheral organs, considering the blood-brain-barrier and the paths for formation and egress of the CSF.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.