Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33949666›Full record

ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021

Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines in the HIVE Household Cohort Over 8 Years: Is There Evidence of Indirect Protection?

Ryan E Malosh, Joshua G Petrie, Amy Callear, Rachel Truscon, Emileigh Johnson, Richard Evans, Latifa Bazzi, Caroline Cheng, Mark S Thompson, Emily T Martin and 1 more

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
1.5field-weighted citation impact, top 18% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. The Nicaraguan Pediatric Influenza Cohort Study, 2011-2019: Influenza Incidence, Seasonality, and Transmission.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023
    Article
  7. Influenza.Lancet (London, England) · 2022
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Ryan E MaloshUniversity of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Joshua G PetrieUniversity of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Amy CallearUniversity of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Rachel TrusconUniversity of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Emileigh JohnsonUniversity of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Richard EvansUS Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Latifa BazziUniversity of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Caroline ChengUniversity of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Mark S ThompsonCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Emily T MartinUniversity of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Arnold S MontoUniversity of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Michigan–Ann Arbor · USCenters for Disease Control and Prevention · USUnited States Department of Veterans Affairs · US

Funding

Core_plus_Option_A_B_Proposal for Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness ResearchU01IP000474 · IP · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI MONTO, ARNOLD S · 2011 to 2015
$6.2M
Hospital-Associated Respiratory Virus Infections: Molecular Epidemiology, Clinical Outcomes, and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions - COVID-19 Administrative SupplementK01AI141579 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI PETRIE, JOSHUA GLENN · 2019 to 2023
$634k
Household Studies of Influenza and Other Respiratory VirusesR56AI097150 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI GORDON, AUBREE L, MONTO, ARNOLD S · 2016 to 2016
$574k
Indirect Effects of Influenza Vaccine in Households With ChildrenR03AI137658 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI MALOSH, RYAN E · 2018 to 2019
$156k
CDC HHS U01 IP000170National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases R03AI137658NCIRD CDC HHS U01 IP000474NCIRD CDC HHS U01 IP001034NIAID NIH HHS K01 AI141579NIAID NIH HHS R03 AI137658NIAID NIH HHS R56 AI097150
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe evidence that influenza vaccination programs regularly provide protection to unvaccinated individuals (ie, indirect effects) of a community is lacking. We sought to determine the direct, indirect, and total effects of influenza vaccine in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) cohort.

methodsUsing longitudinal data from the HIVE cohort from 2010-11 through 2017-18, we estimated direct, indirect, and total influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) and the incidence rate ratio of influenza virus infection using adjusted mixed-effect Poisson regression models. Total effectiveness was determined through comparison of vaccinated members of full or partially vaccinated households to unvaccinated individuals in completely unvaccinated households.

resultsThe pooled, direct VE against any influenza was 30.2% (14.0-43.4). Direct VE was higher for influenza A/H1N1 43.9% (3.9 to 63.5) and B 46.7% (17.2 to 57.5) than A/H3N2 31.7% (10.5 to 47.8) and was higher for young children 42.4% (10.1 to 63.0) than adults 18.6% (-6.3 to 37.7). Influenza incidence was highest in completely unvaccinated households (10.6 per 100 person-seasons) and lower at all other levels of household vaccination coverage. We found little evidence of indirect VE after adjusting for potential confounders. Total VE was 56.4% (30.1-72.9) in low coverage, 43.2% (19.5-59.9) in moderate coverage, and 33.0% (12.1 to 49.0) in fully vaccinated households.

conclusionsInfluenza vaccines may have a benefit above and beyond the direct effect but that effect in this study was small. Although there may be exceptions, the goal of global vaccine recommendations should remain focused on provision of documented, direct protection to those vaccinated.

Indexed as

Influenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeInfluenza, HumanInfluenza VaccinesAdultChildChild, PreschoolHumansInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeSeasonsVaccinationInfluenza Vaccinescohort studyindirect protectioninfluenzavaccine effectiveness

Identifiers

PMID33949666
PMCPMC8492146
OpenAlexW3157850704

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.