ReviewReviews in medical virology2022
Influenza vaccines: Past, present, and future.
Review in Reviews in medical virology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of influenza vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza among older adults living in aged care facilities.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- High-Dose Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine for Prevention of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Hospitalizations in Older Adults.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Trial
- The impact of pediatric influenza and COVID-19 hospitalization on parental attitudes toward vaccination.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Observational
- Nanoemulsion adjuvanted COBRA HA vaccine enhances protective antibody titers against H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Vaccination as a Strategy for Cardiovascular Prevention: Closing a Gap in Clinical Practice.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Single-component self-assembling protein nanoparticles displaying stabilized prefusion-closed hemagglutinin trimers for influenza vaccine development.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A VSV-vector vaccine simultaneously targeting H5N1 hemagglutinin and matrix protein 2 induces robust neutralizing and ADCC antibody responses and provides full protection against lethal H5N1 infection in a mouse model.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Need for increasing uptake of influenza vaccination and investing in novel vaccines for paediatric influenza prevention.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Immunopotentiation by Natural Extracts: Mechanisms and Applications in Influenza Vaccine Adjuvant Development.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
- Uptake of Shingles, Influenza, COVID-19 and Pneumococcal Vaccination in Patients with Inflammatory Arthritis: A Three-Centre Study.Vaccines · 2026Article
- High-dose influenza vaccine augments serological and cellular immunity of older people with HIV.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Immunity to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase results in additive reductions in airborne transmission of influenza H1N1 virus in ferrets.Science advances · 2026Article
- Article
- Presentation of hemagglutinin on adjuvant-bearing self-assembling peptide nanofibers increases heterologous responses against influenza.Acta biomaterialia · 2026Article
- From Antibiotic Resistance to Bacterial Vaccines: A New Approach to Controlling Resistant Bacterial Infections.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate ester adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of influenza antigensFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- PB1 mutations as key drivers of influenza A virus evolution.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- mRNA-based seasonal influenza vaccines: an overview of immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Active Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Influenza Immunization in Jiangsu Province, China: A 2019-2023 Retrospective Study.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Inverted H1 hemagglutinin nanoparticle vaccines protect mice against challenges with human H1N1 and bovine H5N1 influenza viruses.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Globally, infection by seasonal influenza viruses causes 3-5 million cases of severe illness and 290,000-650,000 respiratory deaths each year. Various influenza vaccines, including inactivated split- and subunit-type, recombinant and live attenuated vaccines, have been developed since the 1930s when it was discovered that influenza viruses could be cultivated in embryonated eggs. However, the protection rate offered by these vaccines is rather low, especially in very young children and the elderly. In this review, we describe the history of influenza vaccine development, the immune responses induced by the vaccines and the adjuvants applied. Further, we suggest future directions for improving the effectiveness of influenza vaccines in all age groups. This includes the development of an influenza vaccine that induces a balanced T helper cell type 1 and type 2 immune responses based on the understanding of the immune system, and the development of a broad-spectrum influenza vaccine that can increase effectiveness despite antigen shifts and drifts, which are characteristics of the influenza virus. A brighter future can be envisaged if the development of an adjuvant that is safe and effective is realized.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.