ReviewTherapeutic advances in neurological disorders2021
Inflammation in multiple sclerosis.
Review in Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 155 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and efficacy of oral cladribine in relapsing multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Current Knowledge about Nonclassical Monocytes in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis, a Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Laminin as a Biomarker of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption under Neuroinflammation: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Difficult relationships between humans and bacteria: associations between multiple sclerosis and the human microbiome.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Aegle marmelos neuroprotective potential in demyelination rat model through modulation of BDNF, GDNF, HSP-90 and HSP-60.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Article
- Investigating theResearch in pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Article
- Adjunctive Dulaglutide in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Open-Label Proof-of-Concept Trial.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- Common Inflammatory Pathways Between Periodontal Disease and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Immuno-Proteomic Features Associated to Relapse Risk in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- CD39 mRNA therapy attenuates localized acute inflammation: A novel anti-inflammatory strategy using cationic nanoliposomes.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Synthetic MRI and radiomics in multiple sclerosis: improving precision in diagnosis and prognosis.Radiological physics and technology · 2026Review
- Neuropilins in Multiple Sclerosis: Dual Roles of NRP-1 in Neuroinflammation and Neuroprotection.Neuromolecular medicine · 2026Review
- Role of Caveolin-1 in Inflammation: Genetic Predisposition and Potential Implication for Multiple Sclerosis.Genes · 2026Review
- Neuregulin-1 facilitates myelin regeneration through microglia-mediated mechanisms in a mouse model of chronic demyelination.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Serum Vitamin E Levels in Multiple Sclerosis: Association with Diagnosis, Cognitive Function, Disability, and Depressive Symptoms.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Neurotrophins and Galectin-3: Hidden Keys in Neuroinflammation-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Extensive peripheral immunoglobulin repertoire analyses in people with multiple sclerosis reveal disease-specific signatures and distinct treatment effects of disease modifying drugs.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Association of angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 serum level and gene polymorphisms with multiple sclerosis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Controllability Analysis of Intercellular Protein-Protein Interaction Networks.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is characterised pathologically by demyelination, gliosis, neuro-axonal damage and inflammation. Despite intense research, the underlying pathomechanisms driving inflammatory demyelination in MS still remain incompletely understood. It is thought to be caused by an autoimmune response towards CNS self-antigens in genetically susceptible individuals, assuming autoreactive T cells as disease-initiating immune cells. Yet, B cells were recognized as crucial immune cells in disease pathology, including antibody-dependent and independent effects. Moreover, myeloid cells are important contributors to MS pathology, and it is becoming increasingly evident that different cell types act in concert during MS immunopathology. This is supported by the finding that the beneficial effects of actual existing disease-modifying therapies cannot be attributed to one single immune cell-type, but rather involve immunological cooperation. The current strategy of MS therapies thus aims to shift the immune cell repertoire from a pro-inflammatory towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, involving regulatory T and B cells and anti-inflammatory macrophages. Although no existing therapy actually exists that directly induces an enhanced regulatory immune cell pool, numerous studies identified potential net effects on these cell types. This review gives a conceptual overview on T cells, B cells and myeloid cells in the immunopathology of relapsing-remitting MS and discusses potential contributions of actual disease-modifying therapies on these immune cell phenotypes.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.