ArticleThe Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association2018
Examining age, sex, and race characteristics of velopharyngeal structures in 4- to 9-year old children using magnetic resonance imaging.
Article in The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed.
- Diagnostic Utility of Velopharyngeal MRI in Children With Unexplained Velopharyngeal Insufficiency.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2026Article
- Does Race Influence Velopharyngeal Structure Size and Velar Stretch During Sustained Phoneme Production in Children?Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2026Article
- Long-term speech outcomes following functional palatal repair.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Inconsistencies in Clinical Reporting of Nasopharyngoscopy for Evaluating Velopharyngeal Closure: A Multisite Study.American journal of speech-language pathology · 2026Article
- Dutch Workflow for Diagnosis and Treatment of Velopharyngeal Insufficiency in Patients with Cleft Palate-A Survey Study.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2026Article
- Impact of Muscular Asymmetry on Velopharyngeal Function in Children with Craniofacial Microsomia: A Pilot Study.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2026Article
- How Do Nasopharyngoscopy Ratings of Sustained Speech Differ From Connected Speech?The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2026Observational
- The Influence of Age and Sex on the Height of Velopharyngeal Closure.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2025Article
- MRI assessment of velopharyngeal dysfunction: A comprehensive primer for radiologists.Pediatric radiology · 2025Review
- Development and evaluation of a training program for implementation of velopharyngeal MRI in the clinical setting.Pediatric radiology · 2025Observational
- Does Successful Surgical Treatment of Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Aid in the Remediation of Compensatory Misarticulation Errors?American journal of speech-language pathology · 2025Article
- Factors That Limit Evaluation of Velopharyngeal Closure During Nasopharyngoscopy.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2025Observational
- The Levator Veli Palatini: Are all Segments Created Equal?The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2025Article
- Automated craniofacial biometry with 3D T2w fetal MRI.PLOS digital health · 2024Article
- Growth and Symmetry of the Levator Veli Palatini Muscle Within the First Two Years of Life.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2024Article
- Age-group-specific associations between adenoid/tonsillar hypertrophy and craniofacial features.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Craniofacial and Velopharyngeal Dimensions in Infants 0-12 Months: Between- and Within-Group Differences Based on Age and Sex.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2024Article
- Velopharyngeal Gap Size During Sustained Vowel Production Correlates With Perceptual Ratings of Hypernasality in Connected Speech.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2024Article
- Incorporating Velopharyngeal MRI into the Clinical Decision-Making Process for a Patient Presenting with Velopharyngeal Dysfunction Following a Failed Palatoplasty.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2024Article
- Automated Craniofacial Biometry with 3D T2w Fetal MRI.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe purpose of this study was to quantify the growth of the various craniofacial and velopharyngeal structures and examine sex and race effects.
methodsEight-five healthy children (53 White and 32 Black) with normal velopharyngeal anatomy between 4 and 9 years of age who met the inclusion criteria and successfully completed the MRI scans were included in the study.
resultsDevelopmental normative mean values for selected craniometric and velopharyngeal variables by race and sex are reported. Cranial variables (face height, nasion to sella, sella to basion, palate height, palate width) and velopharyngeal variables (levator muscle length, angle of origin, sagittal angle, velar length, velar thickness, velar knee to posterior pharyngeal wall, and posterior nasal spine to levator muscle) demonstrated a trend toward a decrease in angle measures and increase in linear measures as age increased (with the exception of PNS to levator muscle). Only hard palate width and levator muscle length showed a significant sex effect. However, two cranial and six velopharyngeal variables showed a significant race effect. The interactions between sex, race, and age were not statistically significant across all variables, with the exception of posterior nasal spine to posterior pharyngeal wall.
conclusionFindings established a large age and race-specific normative reference for craniometiric and velopharyngeal variables. Data reveal minimal sexual dimorphism variables used in the present study; however, significant racial effects were observed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.