ArticleNeuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society2021
Long-Term Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation as a Treatment for Ocular Pain.
Article in Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Randomized Pilot Study of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Neuropathic/Nociplastic Ocular Pain.American journal of ophthalmology · 2026Trial
- A Scoping Review of Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Interventions to Treat Chronic Ocular Pain.Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society · 2026Article
- Chronic Ocular Surface Pain: A Missing Member of the Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions?Drugs · 2026Review
- Ocular Symptoms as a Marker of Dysautonomia in Long-COVID Patients: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Focused Narrative Review: Non-Pharmacological, Noninvasive Neurostimulation or Neuromodulation Treatment of Ocular Neuropathic Pain.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Cervical Oculopathy: The Cervical Spine Etiology of Visual Symptoms and Eye Diseases-A Hypothesis Exploring Mechanisms Linking the Neck and the Eye.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Impact of botulinum toxin type A on ocular pain with neuropathic features.The ocular surface · 2025Article
- CORONIS symposium 2023: Scientific and clinical frontiers in ocular surface innervation.Acta ophthalmologica · 2025Article
- Development and validation of a deep learning model for diagnosing neuropathic corneal pain via in vivo confocal microscopy.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Objective test findings in patients with chronic eye symptoms seeking care at an outpatient neck center: ligamentous cervical instability etiology?Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Corneal neuropathic pain: a review to inform clinical practice.Eye (London, England) · 2024Review
- Coexistence of neuropathic corneal pain, corneal nerve abnormalities, depression, and low quality of life.Eye (London, England) · 2024Article
- Trigeminal nerve stimulation: a current state-of-the-art review.Bioelectronic medicine · 2023Review
- Botulinum toxin A decreases neural activity in pain-related brain regions in individuals with chronic ocular pain and photophobia.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Neuropathic ocular surface pain: Emerging drug targets and therapeutic implications.Expert opinion on therapeutic targets · 2022Review
- Differential Effects of Treatment Strategies in Individuals With Chronic Ocular Surface Pain With a Neuropathic Component.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- Genome Wide Association Study of Neuropathic Ocular Pain.Ophthalmology scienceArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesOcular pain symptoms (e.g., hypersensitivity to light and wind, "burning" sensations) can be debilitating and difficult to treat. Neuromodulatory therapies targeting sensory trigeminal and central pain pathways may help treat chronic ocular pain refractory to traditional therapies. The current study evaluates the long-term effects of a trigeminal neurostimulator (TNS) on ocular pain. MATERIALS AND
methodsRetrospective review of 18 individuals at the Miami Veterans Affairs Eye Clinic with chronic, severe ocular pain who were prescribed and used TNS at home for ≥3 months. The primary outcome measures were 1) ocular symptom intensity over a 24-hour recall period (dryness, pain, light sensitivity, wind sensitivity, burning; rated on 0-10 scales) captured pre-TNS and at monthly follow-up intervals and 2) side effects. The frequency and duration of TNS was a secondary outcome measure.
resultsThe mean age of the population (n = 18) was 57.5 years (range, 34-85 years) with a male majority (67%). Two individuals discontinued use due to lack of efficacy and one due to confounding health issues. Initial mean weekly frequency of TNS use was 3.7 ± 1.9 sessions of 25.8 min at month 1 and 2.7 ± 2.3 sessions of 28.0 min at month 6. At six months, pain intensity (↓ 31.4%), light sensitivity (↓ 36.3%), wind sensitivity (↓ 32.6%), and burning sensation (↓ 53.9%) were all decreased compared to baseline (p < 0.01 for all); greater decreases in ocular pain were noted in individuals with migraine (n = 10) than those without migraine (n = 8). No significant change was noted in mean dryness scores. Fifteen subjects experienced sedation with TNS use, persisting throughout the follow-up visits. No other adverse effects were communicated by any subjects.
conclusionOur study suggests TNS is a safe, adjunctive treatment option in individuals with severe, chronic ocular pain. Individuals demonstrated gradual, continual improvement in pain symptoms over time within a multimodal approach.
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Registered trials
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