Trial reportThe Journal of clinical investigation2021
Relationship of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 response to COVID-19 severity and impact of HIV-1 and tuberculosis coinfection.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 174 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tuberculosis in individuals who recovered from COVID-19: A systematic review of case reports.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence of comorbid tuberculosis amongst COVID-19 patients: A rapid review and meta-analysis.International journal of clinical practice · 2021Pooled it
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infection on Short-Term CD4 Count Among Adults With HIV in the United States From 2020 to 2022.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Characteristics of humoral and T-cell immune responses in people living with HIV after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection during December 2022 to January 2023.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Article
- Role of prior HPV infection and CD4 T-cell count in modulating cellular immune responses to a three-dose nonavalent HPV vaccine schedule in PWH receiving ART.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Previously treated latent tuberculosis infection is associated with less severe acute COVID-19: a cohort study.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Article
- Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of the Immune Response to COVID-19 and Tuberculosis Coinfection.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2025Article
- Bacterial co-occurrence with pulmonary TB, a respiratory tract infection (RTI): A cross-sectional study in a resource-limited setting.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2025Article
- Impact of Severity of COVID-19 in TB Disease Patients: Experience from an Italian Infectious Disease Referral Hospital.Infectious disease reports · 2025Article
- Mixed lipopeptide-based mucosal vaccine candidate induces cross-variant immunity and protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth inhibition by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from household contacts is not affected by previous SARS-CoV-2 infection.Gates open research · 2025Article
- Mixed lipopeptide-based mucosal vaccine elicits a long-term bone marrow memory response that is potentially cross-reactive against a broad-spectrum of coronaviruses in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Previous COVID-19 infection significantly reduces elastase levels in newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Vaccine responses and hybrid immunity in people living with HIV after SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- T-cell responses to ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron variant among unvaccinated pregnant and postpartum women living with and without HIV in South Africa.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Unmasking the hidden impact of viruses on tuberculosis risk.Trends in immunology · 2024Review
- Article
- Prior COVID-19 infection among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in a tertiary care center in Tehran: A case-control study.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Article
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
T cells are involved in control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but limited knowledge is available on the relationship between antigen-specific T cell response and disease severity. Here, we used flow cytometry to assess the magnitude, function, and phenotype of SARS coronavirus 2-specific (SARS-CoV-2-specific) CD4+ T cells in 95 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 38 of them being HIV-1 and/or tuberculosis (TB) coinfected, and 38 non-COVID-19 patients. We showed that SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell attributes, rather than magnitude, were associated with disease severity, with severe disease being characterized by poor polyfunctional potential, reduced proliferation capacity, and enhanced HLA-DR expression. Moreover, HIV-1 and TB coinfection skewed the SARS-CoV-2 T cell response. HIV-1-mediated CD4+ T cell depletion associated with suboptimal T cell and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, and a decrease in the polyfunctional capacity of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells was observed in COVID-19 patients with active TB. Our results also revealed that COVID-19 patients displayed reduced frequency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cells, with possible implications for TB disease progression. These results corroborate the important role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in COVID-19 pathogenesis and support the concept of altered T cell functions in patients with severe disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.