Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33945162›Full record

ArticleBioethics2021

Collective Reflective Equilibrium in Practice (CREP) and controversial novel technologies.

Julian Savulescu, Christopher Gyngell, Guy Kahane

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Bioethics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
36citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

36 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Parfitian Priority, Gene Therapy, and Disability.The Journal of medicine and philosophy · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Artificial intelligence and medical futility.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026
    Review
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Collective Reflective Equilibrium, Algorithmic Bioethics and Complex Ethics.Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees · 2025
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Julian SavulescuOxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.ORCID 0000-0003-1691-6403
Christopher GyngellBiomedical Ethics Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-1340-3947
Guy KahaneOxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.ORCID 0000-0002-6490-3247

Funding

Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 104848/Z/14/ZWellcome Trust 203132/Z/16/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate how data about public preferences may be used to inform policy around the use of controversial novel technologies, using public preferences about autonomous vehicles (AVs) as a case study. We first summarize the recent 'Moral Machine' study, which generated preference data from millions of people regarding how they think AVs should respond to emergency situations. We argue that while such preferences cannot be used to directly inform policy, they should not be disregarded. We defend an approach that we call 'Collective Reflective Equilibrium in Practice' (CREP). In CREP, data on public attitudes function as an input into a deliberative process that looks for coherence between attitudes, behaviours and competing ethical principles. We argue that in cases of reasonable moral disagreement, data on public attitudes should play a much greater role in shaping policies than in areas of ethical consensus. We apply CREP to some of the global preferences about AVs uncovered by the Moral Machines study. We intend this discussion both as a substantive contribution to the debate about the programming of ethical AVs, and as an illustration of how CREP works. We argue that CREP provides a principled way of using some public preferences as an input for policy, while justifiably disregarding others.

Indexed as

MoralsTechnologyHumansPublic Opinionalgorithmartificial intelligencebiasdriverless carsegalitarianismethical decision procedurespolicyreflective equilibriumutilitarianismveil of ignorance

Identifiers

PMID33945162
PMCPMC8581760

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.