ArticleEuropean child & adolescent psychiatry2022
Tic disorders in children and adolescents: does the clinical presentation differ in males and females? A report by the EMTICS group.
Article in European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Polygenic risk score-based phenome-wide association study identifies novel associations for Tourette syndrome.Translational psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Childhood Predictors of Long-Term Tic Severity and Tic Impairment in Tourette's Disorder.Behavior therapy · 2022Trial
- Tourette syndrome.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Incidence of pediatric chronic tic disorders and feasibility of using the Massachusetts All-Payer Claims Database, 2012-2016.Equity neuroscience · 2026Article
- Medication use and treatment patterns in children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders: an EMTICS study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Comorbidity burden and treatment patterns in Tourette syndrome and persistent motor or vocal tic disorder.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Update on the Pathophysiology and Management of Tics.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Experiences of self-identification, diagnosis and support for adults seeking a recognition of tic disorders in the United Kingdom.Primary health care research & development · 2026Article
- Article
- Tic severity and quality of life in children with tic disorders: the chain mediating effects of stigma and anxiety.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Prenatal Hormonal Markers in Neurodevelopment: The 2D:4D Digit Ratio in Children with Tic DisordersTurk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry · 2026Observational
- Identifying Distinct Tourette Disorder Subtypes using Clinical Data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics and pharmacotherapy choices in children newly diagnosed with tic disorders in China: a retrospective cohort study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2025Article
- Neuropsychiatric symptoms in siblings of children with Tourette syndrome in the EMTICS study.JCPP advances · 2025Article
- Metabolic abnormalities of the cortico‑striato‑thalamo‑cortical circuit of rats with tic disorder.Molecular medicine reports · 2025Article
- Effect of CYP2D6 and ABCB1 polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics and efficacy of aripiprazole in pediatric tic disorders.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- The Phenomenology of Tics in Adults: Data From the Calgary and Paris Adult Tic Disorders Registry.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Histamine Regulation of Striatal Dopamine.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of Tourette Syndrome.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Sex Differences in Natural History and Health Outcomes Among Individuals With Tic Disorders.Neurology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tic disorders have a strong male predominance, with a male-to-female ratio of 4:1 in Tourette syndrome (TS) and 2:1 in persistent tic disorders. In other neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the disparity in sex distribution has been partially related to differences in symptom presentation between males and females. In tic disorders, however, little research has been conducted on this topic, probably due to the limited access to large samples with a significant proportion of females. The aim of this study was to describe sex differences in the clinical presentation of tic disorders in children and adolescents in one of the largest pediatric samples with TS/persistent tic disorders (n = 709, 23.3% females) recruited as part of the European Multicenter Tics in Children Study (EMTICS). Validated measures assessed the severity of tics and comorbid psychiatric symptoms. Using mixed-effect models, we found that sex had a significant influence on the severity of tics, ADHD symptoms, ASD symptoms, and emotional problems. Males had more severe symptoms than females, except for emotional problems. We also observed a statistically significant interaction between sex and age on the severity of tics and compulsions, with females showing higher symptom severity with increasing age than males. These findings indicate that the clinical presentation of TS/persistent tic disorders varies with sex. Males seem to exhibit a more noticeable pattern of clinical symptoms at a younger age that may contribute to their earlier detection in comparison to females.
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