Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33941621›Full record

ArticleScience translational medicine2021

Viral genomes reveal patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Washington State.

Nicola F Müller, Cassia Wagner, Chris D Frazar, Pavitra Roychoudhury, Jover Lee, Louise H Moncla, Benjamin Pelle, Matthew Richardson, Erica Ryke, Hong Xie and 33 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Science translational medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
51citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

51 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. D614G reshapes allosteric networks and opening mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 spikes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Tracing SARS-CoV-2 clusters across local scales using genomic data.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Phylodynamics Uncovers the Transmission of Antibiotic-ResistantbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

43 authors.

Nicola F Müller *Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. nicola.felix.mueller@gmail.com tbedford@fredhutch.org.ORCID 0000-0002-2927-1002
Cassia Wagner *Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9934-7578
Chris D Frazar *Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6730-4426
Pavitra Roychoudhury *Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4567-8232
Jover LeeVaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2391-0512
Louise H MonclaVaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
Benjamin PelleDepartment of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6632-6383
Matthew RichardsonDepartment of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5989-6361
Erica RykeDepartment of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4056-1465
Hong XieDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6610-0723
Lasata ShresthaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9760-7348
Amin AddetiaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6703-3841
Victoria M RachleffVaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5003-508X
Nicole A P LiebermanDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9334-8150
Meei-Li HuangDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2861-8035
Romesh GautomWashington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA 98155, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1780-1213
Geoff MellyWashington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA 98155, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5437-4716
Brian HiattWashington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA 98155, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0032-9546
Philip DykemaWashington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA 98155, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2158-3175
Amanda AdlerSeattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
Elisabeth BrandstetterDepartment of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2387-2499
Peter D HanDepartment of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2266-1008
Kairsten FayVaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6529-9205
Misja IlcisinVaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1468-7697
Kirsten LacombeSeattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0299-9447
Thomas R SibleyVaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5269-2297
Melissa TruongDepartment of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9571-3529
Caitlin R WolfDepartment of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4883-1060
Michael BoeckhVaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1538-7984
Janet A EnglundSeattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1134-4178
Michael FamulareInstitute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, WA 98105, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9275-7454
Barry R LutzBrotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4298-4901
Mark J RiederBrotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8561-6979
Matthew ThompsonDepartment of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Jeffrey S DuchinDepartment of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7862-0352
Lea M StaritaDepartment of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2870-5099
Helen Y ChuDepartment of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Jay ShendureDepartment of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1516-1865
Keith R JeromeVaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8212-3789
Scott LindquistWashington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA 98155, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4525-9473
Alexander L GreningerVaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7443-0527
Deborah A NickersonDepartment of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Trevor BedfordVaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. nicola.felix.mueller@gmail.com tbedford@fredhutch.org.ORCID 0000-0002-4039-5794

Funding

University of Washington/Fred Hutch Center for AIDS ResearchP30AI027757 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI CONNIE L CELUM · 1988 to 2026
$104.9M
Real-time tracking of virus evolution for vaccine strain selection and epidemiological investigationR35GM119774 · NIGMS · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI BEDFORD, TREVOR BC · 2016 to 2025
$4.1M
High-Performance Compute Cluster for Comprehensive Cancer and Infectious Diseases ResearchS10OD028685 · OD · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI BRADLEY, PHILIP · 2020 to 2020
$2.0M
Howard Hughes Medical InstituteNIAID NIH HHS P30 AI027757NIGMS NIH HHS R35 GM119774NIH HHS AI027757NIH HHS R35 GM119774-01NIH HHS S10 OD028685
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has gravely affected societies around the world. Outbreaks in different parts of the globe have been shaped by repeated introductions of new viral lineages and subsequent local transmission of those lineages. Here, we sequenced 3940 SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes from Washington State (USA) to characterize how the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Washington State in early 2020 was shaped by differences in timing of mitigation strategies across counties and by repeated introductions of viral lineages into the state. In addition, we show that the increase in frequency of a potentially more transmissible viral variant (614G) over time can potentially be explained by regional mobility differences and multiple introductions of 614G but not the other variant (614D) into the state. At an individual level, we observed evidence of higher viral loads in patients infected with the 614G variant. However, using clinical records data, we did not find any evidence that the 614G variant affects clinical severity or patient outcomes. Overall, this suggests that with regard to D614G, the behavior of individuals has been more important in shaping the course of the pandemic in Washington State than this variant of the virus.

Indexed as

COVID-19Genome, ViralSARS-CoV-2Disease OutbreaksHumansPhylogenyWashington

Identifiers

PMID33941621
PMCPMC8158963

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.