ArticleInfection and immunity2021
Cage Environment Regulates Gut Microbiota Independent of Toll-Like Receptors.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- The maternal microbiome influence on pregnancy success: breeding comparison of germ-free and conventionalized mice.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Underlying MASLD-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation are key to poor outcomes in vibriosis infections in a preclinical model.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Integrative Approaches to Gut Microbiota: Biomarkers, Dysbiosis, and Therapeutic Potential.Saudi medical journal · 2026Review
- Strengthening causal inference and analytical rigor in the Wumei Pills-World journal of stem cells · 2026Article
- Environment shapes gut microbiome and determines susceptibility to DSS-colitis inFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Is the NOD mouse a good model for type 1 diabetes?Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Cohousing or cross-fostering followed by cohousing does not normalize the microbiomes of genetically distinct adult mice.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Sex-specific associations between AD genotype and the microbiome of human amyloid beta knock-in (hAβ-KI) mice.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Role of pattern recognition receptors and microbiota-derived ligands in obesity.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2024Review
- Article
- IgA Determines Bacterial Composition in the Gut.Crohn's & colitis 360 · 2023Article
- Lung-gut axis of microbiome alterations following co-exposure to ultrafine carbon black and ozone.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2023Article
- Risk of bias assessment tool for systematic review and meta-analysis of the gut microbiome.Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England) · 2023Article
- The Environmental Microbiome, Allergic Disease, and Asthma.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2022Article
- Histological study of diurnal changes in bacterial settlement in the rat alimentary tract.Cell and tissue research · 2022Article
- Toll-like receptors: shapers of the pulmonary microbiome?American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2021Article
- Special Collection on the Microbiome and Infection.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The gut microbiome orchestrates epithelial homeostasis and both local and remote immunological responses. Critical to these regulatory interactions are innate immune receptors termed Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Studies to date have implicated innate immunity and Toll-like receptors in shaping key features of the gut microbiome. However, a variety of biological and environmental variables are also implicated in determining gut microbiota composition. In this report, we hypothesized that cohousing and environment dominated the regulation of the gut microbiota in animal models independent of innate immunity. To determine the importance of these variables, innate immunity, or environment in shaping gut microbiota, we used a randomized cohousing strategy and transgenic TLR-deficient mice. We have found that mice cohoused together by genotype exhibited limited changes over time in the composition of the gut microbiota. However, for mice randomized to cage, we report extensive changes in the gut microbiota, independent of TLR function, whereby the fecal microbiota of TLR-deficient mice converges with that of wild-type mice. TLR5-deficient mice in these experiments exhibit greater susceptibility to comparative changes in the microbiota than other TLR-deficient mice and wild-type mice. Our work has broad implications for the study of innate immunity and host-microbiota interactions. Given the profound impact that gut dysbiosis may have on immunity, this report highlights the potential impact of cohousing on the gut microbiota and indices of inflammation as outcomes in biological models of infectious or inflammatory disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.