ArticleBMC public health2021
Prevalence of conduct problems and social risk factors in ethnically diverse inner-city schools.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations between ethnicity and mental health problems among children and adolescents in the United Kingdom: A systematic review and narrative synthesis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Student- and School-Level Factors Associated With Mental Health and Well-Being in Early Adolescence.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2024Trial
- Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences With Health-Related Quality of Life and Quality-Adjusted Life-Years Among Adolescents in the United Kingdom: Findings From Two General Population Cohorts.Alpha psychiatry · 2026Article
- Peer-friendship Networks and Self-harm among Adolescents from Inner-city Schools: A Social Network Study.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2026Article
- How do immigration background, racism, socioeconomic circumstances and gender intersect to influence adolescent mental well-being? A longitudinal MAIHDA analysis of the multiethnic DASH cohort in London, UK.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Ethnic and income-related inequalities in mental health among adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Bradford, UK.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Conduct problems among middle adolescents in the community settings: A concept analysis.Belitung nursing journal · 2023Article
- Cohort Profile: Resilience, Ethnicity and AdolesCent mental Health (REACH).International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Article
- Correction to: Prevalence of conduct problems and social risk factors in ethnically diverse inner-city schools.BMC public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn the UK, around 5% of 11-16-year olds experience conduct problems of clinical importance. However, there are limited data on prevalence of conduct problems by ethnic group, and how putative social risk factors may explain any variations in prevalence. This study has two main aims: (1) to estimate the prevalence and nature of conduct problems overall, and by ethnic group and gender, among adolescents in diverse inner-city London schools; (2) to assess the extent to which putative risk factors - racial discrimination, socioeconomic status, parental control, and troublesome friends - explain any observed differences in prevalence of conduct problems between ethnic groups.
methodsThis study uses baseline data from REACH, an accelerated cohort study of adolescent mental health in inner-city London. Self-report questionnaire data were collected on conduct problems and a range of distinct putative social risk factors (including racial discrimination, free school meals, troublesome friends, and parental care and control). A total of 4353 pupils, 51% girls, aged 11-14 participated. We estimated prevalence of conduct problems and used multilevel logistic regression to examine differences by ethnicity and gender and associations with putative risk factors.
resultsPrevalence of conduct problems in inner-city schools was around three times higher than reported in national studies (i.e., 16% [95%CI: 15·2-17·5] vs. 5% [95%CI 4·6-5·9]). Compared with overall prevalence, conduct problems were lower among Indian/Pakistani/Bangladeshi (RR: 0.53 [95% CI:0.31-0.87]) and white British (RR: 0.65 [0.51-0.82]) groups, and higher among black Caribbean (RR: 1.39 [95%CI:1.19-1.62]) and mixed white and black (RR: 1.29 [95% CI: 1.02-1.60]) groups. Risk of conduct problems was higher among those who were exposed to racial discrimination compared with those who were not (RR: 1.95 [95% CI: 1.59-2.31]).
conclusionsConduct problems are markedly more common in inner-city schools, and variations in the prevalence of conduct problems are, to some extent, rooted in modifiable social contexts and experiences, such as experiences of racial discrimination.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.