ArticleJAMA network open2021
Clinical Characteristics and Transmission of COVID-19 in Children and Youths During 3 Waves of Outbreaks in Hong Kong.
Article in JAMA network open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiology and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents in the pre-Omicron era: A global systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2024Pooled it
- Epidemiology and clinical evolution of non-multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) dermatological lesions in pediatric patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review of the literature.European journal of pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children in Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazon: SARS-CoV-2 Among Children in Rondônia.Advances in virology · 2025Article
- Respiratory Viral Infection Patterns in Hospitalised Children Before and After COVID-19 in Hong Kong.Viruses · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Seroepidemiology and Antibody Levels in Children during BA.5 Predominance Period.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Comparative Immune Response after Vaccination with SOBERANAVaccines · 2023Article
- Humans with inherited MyD88 and IRAK-4 deficiencies are predisposed to hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2023Article
- The Age-Related Course of COVID-19 in Pediatric Patients-1405 Cases in a Single Center.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 infection in unvaccinated hospitalized children: comparison to influenza and parainfluenza infections.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Article
- Characteristics, contacts, and relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among children during school closures.Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi · 2022Review
- Omicron variant susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies induced in children by natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccine.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Article
- Characteristics of Hospitalized Pediatric Patients in the First Five Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Single Center in Poland-1407 Cases.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Mass Screening of SARS-CoV-2 With Rapid Antigen Tests in a Receding Omicron Wave: Population-Based Survey for Epidemiologic Evaluation.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2022Article
- A district-level vulnerability assessment of next COVID-19 variant (Omicron BA.2) in Uttarakhand using quantitative SWOT analysis.Environment, development and sustainability · 2022Article
- Expanding COVID-19 vaccine access to underserved populations through implementation of mobile vaccination units.Preventive medicine · 2022Article
- Epidemiology of Acute Myocarditis/Pericarditis in Hong Kong Adolescents Following Comirnaty Vaccination.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Dynamics in COVID-19 symptoms during different waves of the pandemic among children infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the ambulatory setting.European journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- Using Latent Class Analyses to Examine Health Disparities among Young Children in Socially Disadvantaged Families during the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Cardiac Complications of COVID-19 in Low-Risk Patients.Viruses · 2022Review
- Myocarditis Following COVID-19 BNT162b2 Vaccination Among Adolescents in Hong Kong.JAMA pediatrics · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
39 authors at 11 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Importance: Schools were closed intermittently across Hong Kong to control the COVID-19 outbreak, which led to significant physical and psychosocial problems among children and youths. Objective: To compare the clinical characteristics and sources of infection among children and youths with COVID-19 during the 3 waves of outbreaks in Hong Kong in 2020. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study involved children and youths aged 18 years or younger with COVID-19 in the 3 waves of outbreaks from January 23 through December 2, 2020. Data were analyzed from December 2020 through January 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: Demographic characteristics, travel and contact histories, lengths of hospital stay, and symptoms were captured through the central electronic database. Individuals who were infected without recent international travel were defined as having domestic infections. Results: Among 397 children and youths confirmed with COVID-19 infections, the mean (SD) age was 9.95 (5.34) years, 220 individuals (55.4%) were male, and 154 individuals (38.8%) were asymptomatic. There were significantly more individuals who were infected without symptoms in the second wave (59 of 118 individuals [50.0%]) and third wave (94 of 265 individuals [35.5%]) than in the first wave (1 of 14 individuals [7.1%]) (P = .001). Significantly fewer individuals who were infected in the second and third waves, compared with the first wave, had fever (first wave: 10 individuals [71.4%]; second wave: 22 individuals [18.5%]; third wave: 98 individuals [37.0%]; P < .001) or cough (first wave: 6 individuals [42.9%]; second wave: 15 individuals [12.7%]; third wave: 52 individuals [19.6%]; P = .02). Among all individuals, 394 individuals (99.2%) had mild illness. One patient developed chilblains (ie, COVID toes), 1 patient developed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and 1 patient developed post-COVID-19 autoimmune hemolytic anemia. In all 3 waves, 204 patients with COVID-19 (51.4%) had domestic infections. Among these individuals, 186 (91.2%) reported having a contact history with another individual with COVID-19, of which most (183 individuals [90.0%]) were family members. In the third wave, 18 individuals with domestic infections had unknown contact histories. Three schoolmates were confirmed with COVID-19 on the same day and were reported to be close contacts. Conclusions and Relevance: This cross-sectional study found that nearly all children and youths with COVID-19 in Hong Kong had mild illness. These findings suggest that household transmission was the main source of infection for children and youths with domestic infections and that the risk of being infected at school was small.
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