ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2021
IR-61 Improves Voiding Function
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mitochondrial dysfunction in urologic disease.Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial structural and functional aberrations in diabetic bladder dysfunction: underlying mechanisms and therapeutic landscapes.Acta diabetologica · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Potential of Mitochondrial Transplantation with Focus on DBD.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Recent advances in targeting cyanine dyes: hierarchical targeting mechanisms and theranostic integration for multi-disease precision therapy.Theranostics · 2026Review
- IR-780 improves urination function and complications in rats with partial bladder outlet obstruction by protecting bladder smooth muscle cell mitochondria from oxidative stress.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Targeting NADPH Oxidase as an Approach for Diabetic Bladder Dysfunction.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Cyanine dyes in the mitochondria-targeting photodynamic and photothermal therapy.Communications chemistry · 2024Review
- Potential role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic bladder dysfunction.Nature reviews. Urology · 2022Review
- Established and emerging treatments for diabetes-associated lower urinary tract dysfunction.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) afflicts nearly half of diabetic patients, but effective treatment is lacking. In this study, IR-61, a novel heptamethine cyanine dye with potential antioxidant effects, was investigated to determine whether it can alleviate DBD. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with IR-61 or vehicle after diabetes was induced with streptozotocin. Before evaluating the effects of IR-61 in improving DBD by filling cystometry, we detected its distribution in tissues and subcellular organelles by confocal fluorescence imaging. Near infrared (NIR) imaging showed that IR-61 could accumulate at high levels in the bladders of diabetic rats, and confocal images demonstrated that it was mainly taken up by bladder smooth muscle cells (BSMCs) and localized in mitochondria. Then, filling cystometry illustrated that IR-61 significantly improved the bladder function of diabetic rats. The histomorphometry results showed that IR-61 effectively mitigated the pathological changes in bladder smooth muscle (BSM) in diabetic rats. Furthermore, IR-61 remarkably reduced the number of apoptotic BSMCs and the unfavorable expression of proteins related to the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (Bcl-2, BAX, Cytochrome C, and cleaved Caspase-9) in diabetic rats. Moreover, the frozen section staining and transmission electron microscopy results proved that IR-61 significantly reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and prevented the mitochondrial mass and morphology damage in the BSM of diabetic rats. In addition, IR-61 upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its associated antioxidant proteins in the BSM of diabetic rats. Together, these results indicate that IR-61 can improve the voiding function of rats with DBD by protecting the mitochondria of BSMCs from oxidative stress, which is possibly mediated through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway.
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