ArticleJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2021
Informant-Reported Discrimination, Dementia, and Cognitive Impairment in Older Brazilians.
Article in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dementia and cognitive decline in Black Brazilians: a narrative review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Review
- The Pathology, Alzheimer's and Related Dementias Study (PARDoS): Design and Characteristics of the First 4,700+ Brazilian Participants.Neuroepidemiology · 2025Article
- Investigating the role of chronic stress and perceived discrimination in racial disparities in incident dementia among U.S. older adults.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- A Systematic Review on Subjective Cognitive Complaints: Main Neurocognitive Domains, Myriad Assessment Tools, and New Approaches for Early Detection.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Social Determinants of Health, Risk and Resilience against Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias: The Healthy Brain Initiative.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2024Article
- The association of perceived discrimination with dementia risk in Black older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2023Article
- Association of insulin resistance with delirium and CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in elderly patients with hip fracture.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSelf-reported discrimination is a source of psychosocial stress that has been previously associated with poor cognitive function in older African Americans without dementia.
objectiveHere, we examine the association of discrimination with dementia and cognitive impairment in racially diverse older Brazilians.
methodsWe included 899 participants 65 years or older (34.3% Black) from the Pathology, Alzheimer's and Related Dementias Study (PARDoS), a community-based study of aging and dementia. A structured interview with informants of the deceased was conducted. The interview included the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale for the diagnosis of dementia and cognitive impairment proximate to death and the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) as a second measure of cognitive impairment. Informant-reported discrimination was assessed using modified items from the Major and Everyday Discrimination Scales.
resultsDiscrimination was reported by informants of 182 (20.2%) decedents and was more likely reported by informants of Blacks than Whites (25.3% versus 17.6%, p = 0.006). Using the CDR, a higher level of informant-reported discrimination was associated with higher odds of dementia (OR: 1.24, 95% CI 1.08 -1.42, p = 0.002) and cognitive impairment (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06 -1.39, p = 0.004). Similar results were observed using the IQCODE (estimate: 0.07, SE: 0.02, p = 0.003). The effects were independent of race, sex, education, socioeconomic status, major depression, neuroticism, or comorbidities.
conclusionHigher level of informant-reported discrimination was associated with higher odds of dementia and cognitive impairment in racially diverse older Brazilians.
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