ArticlePediatric diabetes2021
In vivo confocal microscopy study of corneal nerve alterations in children and youths with Type 1 diabetes.
Article in Pediatric diabetes, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- CornealFrontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Screening practices for diabetic peripheral neuropathy in pediatric type 1 diabetes: a nationwide survey by the ISPED Diabetes Study Group.Acta diabetologica · 2026Article
- Multi-frame fusion enhances analytical and diagnostic efficiency in corneal confocal microscopy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Methods for the evaluation of corneal nerve fibres in diabetes mellitus by in vivo confocal microscopy: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Corneal Epithelial Changes in Diabetic Patients: A Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Inflammation mechanism and anti-inflammatory therapy of dry eye.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Corneal nerve changes by anti-glaucoma medications examined byInternational journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Cranial Nerve Affection in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Assessed by Corneal Confocal Microscopy, Smell and Taste Tests.Pediatric diabetes · 2023Article
- Early marker of ocular neurodegeneration in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: the contributing role of polymorphisms in mir146a and mir128a genes.Acta diabetologica · 2022Article
- Assessing the corneal sub-basal nerve plexus byAnnals of medicine · 2022Article
- Corneal Confocal Microscopy as a Quantitative Imaging Biomarker of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in Different Types of Dry Eye and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Treatment-induced neuropathy of diabetes in an adolescent with rapid reduction in HbA1c and weight loss: Persistent neuropathic findings at follow-up after 1.5 years.Clinical case reports · 2022Article
- In vivo confocal microscopy study of corneal nerve alterations in children and youths with Type 1 diabetes.Pediatric diabetes · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo determine whether children and youths with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) have early alterations of the corneal subbasal nerve plexus detectable with in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and to investigate the role of longitudinally measured major risk factors for diabetes complications associated with these alterations.
methodsOne hundred and fifty children and youths with T1D and 51 age-matched controls were enrolled and underwent IVCM. Corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL), corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), corneal nerve branch density (CNBD), corneal fiber total branch density (CTBD), and corneal fiber fractal dimension (CNFrD) were measured. Risk factors for diabetes complications (blood pressure, BMI, HbA1c, lipoproteins, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio) were recorded at IVCM and longitudinally since T1D onset. Unpaired t-test was used to compare variables between the groups. Multiple regression models were calculated using IVCM parameters as dependent variables and risk factors as independent variables.
resultsAll IVCM parameters, except CTBD, were significantly lower in the T1D patients. Glycometabolic control (HbA1c, visit-to-visit HbA1c variability, and mean HbA1c), and blood pressure were inversely correlated with IVCM parameters. Multiple regression showed that part of the variability in CNFL, CNFD, CTBD, and CNFraD was explained by HbA1c, blood pressure percentiles and age at IVCM examination, independent of diabetes duration, BMI percentile and LDL cholesterol. Comparable results were obtained using the mean value of risk factors measured longitudinally since T1D onset.
conclusionsEarly signs of corneal nerve degeneration were found in children and youths with T1D. Glycometabolic control and blood pressure were the major risk factors for these alterations.
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