ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2021
The use of an in-vitro batch fermentation (human colon) model for investigating mechanisms of TMA production from choline, L-carnitine and related precursors by the human gut microbiota.
Article in European journal of nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02653001 (Stool Sample Collection for Research Using the In-vitro QIB Colon Model), which is not on this map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Stool Sample Collection for Research Using the In-vitro QIB Colon Model
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recent Developments and Applicability of In Vitro Gut Microbiota Models in Biomedical Research and Digestive Diseases-A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of a polyphenol-rich pomegranate extract on plasma trimethylamine N-oxide levels following an oral carnitine challenge: a randomized controlled crossover trial in healthy adults.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Trial
- Review
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- A perspective for alzheimer disease from gut microbiota-associated NMR-based fecal metabolomics: a study with 5XFAD mice.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Article
- The Gut-Adipose-Tumor Axis in Obesity-Related Cancer.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Towards microbiome-informed strategies for predicting and preventing pregnancy complications.Reproduction & fertility · 2026Review
- Signed, sealed, delivered: a generalizable model for living biotherapeutic dosing and metabolism.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2026Article
- Punicalagin is the key pomegranate polyphenol inhibiting gut microbial trimethylamine (TMA) production from L-carnitine in anFood & function · 2026Article
- Combined effects of resistant dextrin and inulin on the reduction of harmful metabolites duringFrontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota-mediated betaine regulates skeletal muscle fiber type transition by affecting mGut microbes · 2025Article
- A Pomegranate Polyphenol Extract Suppresses the Microbial Production of Proatherogenic Trimethylamine (TMA) in an In Vitro Human Colon Model.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2025Article
- Are "Free From" Foods Risk-Free? Lactose-Free Milk Fermentation Modulates Normal Colon in a Gut Microbiota in Vitro Model.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Choline Metabolism to the Proatherogenic Metabolite Trimethylamine Occurs Primarily in the Distal Colon Microbiome In Vitro.Metabolites · 2025Article
- 3,3-Dimethyl-1-Butanol and its Metabolite 3,3-Dimethylbutyrate Ameliorate Collagen-induced Arthritis Independent of Choline Trimethylamine Lyase Activity.Inflammation · 2025Article
- Effects of dietary live microbes intake on a newly proposed classification system for steatotic liver disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Efficacy and compatibility mechanism of bear bile powder in Shexiang Tongxin dropping pills for acute myocardial infarction treatment.Chinese medicine · 2025Article
- The association between the dietary index for gut microbiota and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Unraveling the role of the gut microbiome in pregnancy disorders: insights and implications.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Synbiotic modulation of adult gut microbiome by 2'-fucosyllactose andMicrobiome research reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposePlasma trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels have been shown to correlate with increased risk of metabolic diseases including cardiovascular diseases. TMAO exposure predominantly occurs as a consequence of gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine (TMA) production from dietary substrates including choline, carnitine and betaine, which is then converted to TMAO in the liver. Reducing microbial TMA production is likely to be the most effective and sustainable approach to overcoming TMAO burden in humans. Current models for studying microbial TMA production have numerous weaknesses including the cost and length of human studies, differences in TMA(O) metabolism in animal models and the risk of failing to replicate multi-enzyme/multi-strain pathways when using isolated bacterial strains. The purpose of this research was to investigate TMA production from dietary precursors in an in-vitro model of the human colon.
methodsTMA production from choline, L-carnitine, betaine and γ-butyrobetaine was studied over 24-48 h using an in-vitro human colon model with metabolite quantification performed using LC-MS.
resultsCholine was metabolised via the direct choline TMA-lyase route but not the indirect choline-betaine-TMA route, conversion of L-carnitine to TMA was slower than that of choline and involves the formation of the intermediate γ-BB, whereas the Rieske-type monooxygenase/reductase pathway for L-carnitine metabolism to TMA was negligible. The rate of TMA production from precursors was choline > carnitine > betaine > γ-BB. 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB) had no effect on the conversion of choline to TMA.
conclusionThe metabolic routes for microbial TMA production in the colon model are consistent with observations from human studies. Thus, this model is suitable for studying gut microbiota metabolism of TMA and for screening potential therapeutic targets that aim to attenuate TMA production by the gut microbiota. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02653001 ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov ), registered 12 Jan 2016.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.