ReviewRedox biology2021
Glutaredoxin: Discovery, redox defense and much more.
Review in Redox biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 157 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Disulfidptosis and its molecular mechanisms in cancer: mechanisms, regulation, and therapeutic potential.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Review
- Crosstalk of thioredoxin system and programmed cell death: from pathophysiology to novel therapy.Redox biology · 2026Review
- Article
- Glutaredoxin 1 promotes intestinal epithelial cell copper toxicity in inflammatory bowel disease.Redox biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Graphene Quantum Dots Mitigate Oxidative Stress in Bacteria.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Intracellular enzymatic reducing systems control receptor tyrosine kinase signaling via PTP1B.Science advances · 2026Article
- Natural Negative Feedback Loops Confer Indica-Japonica Differentiation for Grain Size Homeostasis in Rice.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Proteomics-Based Study of Potential Emphysema Biomarkers Reveals Systemic Redox System and Extracellular Matrix Component Dysregulation.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Glutaredoxin 2 is essential for AML survival through mitochondrial permeability transition pore regulation.Blood · 2026Article
- Genome-wide identification and expression analysis under selenium stress of glutaredoxin system genes in Cardamine hupingshanensis.BMC plant biology · 2026Article
- Distinct control of T cell proliferation and effector function by partitioning of intracellular sulfur from cysteine.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Identification of key genes in chickpea transcriptomics and the development of ChickpeaOmicsR as a comprehensive resource to advance breeding and genomic studies.Frontiers in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Genome-wide identification and characterization of the GRX gene family inFrontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Glutaredoxin 2 Protects Lens Epithelial Cells From Ferroptosis by Preventing HNRNPA2B1 S-Glutathionylation in Diabetes-Mediated Cataractogenesis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- A Defined Artificial Saliva Medium Allows Characterization of the Hypothiocyanite Response of Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans.Molecular oral microbiology · 2025Article
- Role of hydrogen peroxide preconditioning in mesenchymal stem cell-mediated heart regeneration: Molecular insights.World journal of cardiology · 2025Review
- Manganese Porphyrin Reduces Oxidative Stress in Vulnerable Parkin-NullAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Aromatic Residue Variations in the Central β‑Sheet Influence Stability and Activity of E. coli Glutaredoxin 3.ACS omega · 2025Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glutaredoxin, Grx, is a small protein containing an active site cysteine pair and was discovered in 1976 by Arne Holmgren. The Grx system, comprised of Grx, glutathione, glutathione reductase, and NADPH, was first described as an electron donor for Ribonucleotide Reductase but, from the first discovery in E.coli, the Grx family has impressively grown, particularly in the last two decades. Several isoforms have been described in different organisms (from bacteria to humans) and with different functions. The unique characteristic of Grxs is their ability to catalyse glutathione-dependent redox regulation via glutathionylation, the conjugation of glutathione to a substrate, and its reverse reaction, deglutathionylation. Grxs have also recently been enrolled in iron sulphur cluster formation. These functions have been implied in various physiological and pathological conditions, from immune defense to neurodegeneration and cancer development thus making Grx a possible drug target. This review aims to give an overview on Grxs, starting by a phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate Grxs, followed by an analysis of the mechanisms of action, the specific characteristics of the different human isoforms and a discussion on aspects related to human physiology and diseases.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.