ArticleImmunology2021
Development of a high-sensitivity ELISA detecting IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in serum and saliva.
Article in Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- BAFF-R expression as a potential biomarker associated with COVID-19 vaccine non-responsiveness in antibody-deficient patients.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Article
- Salivary IgG Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 as a Non-Invasive Assessment of Immune Response-Differences Between Vaccinated Children and Adults.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Cancer Patients in New York City During the 2020 Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Cureus · 2026Article
- Novel High-Throughput Electrochemical Detection of Staphylococcus Aureus, Bacillus Cereus, or Micrococcus Luteus Using AuNPs@TiSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Article
- A novel smartphone-mediated ratiometric fluorescence imprinting sensor based on boric acid-functionalized Eu-MOF for the detection of horseradish peroxidase.Mikrochimica acta · 2025Article
- Review
- Can human IgG subclasses distinguish between confirmed and unconfirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections?Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2024Article
- Evaluation and Limitations of the Novel Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay Technique for Measuring Total Tau Protein in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Human Prion Disease: A 10-Year Prospective Study (2011-2020).Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Brucellosis: Unveiling the complexities of a pervasive zoonotic disease and its global impacts.Open veterinary journal · 2024Review
- Salivary IgA and vimentin differentiate in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection: A study of 290 convalescent COVID-19 patients.Mucosal immunology · 2024Article
- Salivary immune responses after COVID-19 vaccination.PloS one · 2024Article
- Spike 1 trimer, a nanoparticle vaccine against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces protective immunity challenge in piglets.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Comparison of Levels of Nasal, Salivary, and Plasma Antibody to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 During Natural Infection and After Vaccination.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- A urine-based ELISA with recombinant non-glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Methodological approaches to optimize multiplex oral fluid SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay performance and correlation with serologic and neutralizing antibody responses.Journal of immunological methods · 2023Article
- Methodological approaches to optimize multiplex oral fluid SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay performance and correlation with serologic and neutralizing antibody responses.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2022Article
- Saliva as a diagnostic specimen for SARS-CoV-2 detection: A scoping review.Oral diseases · 2022Article
- Salivary SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection using S1-RBD protein-immobilized 3D melt electrowritten poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds.RSC advances · 2022Article
- Saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 serology using at-home collection kits returned via mail.Scientific reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
28 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Detecting antibody responses during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential in determining the seroepidemiology of the virus and the potential role of antibody in disease. Scalable, sensitive and specific serological assays are essential to this process. The detection of antibody in hospitalized patients with severe disease has proven relatively straightforward; detecting responses in subjects with mild disease and asymptomatic infections has proven less reliable. We hypothesized that the suboptimal sensitivity of antibody assays and the compartmentalization of the antibody response may contribute to this effect. We systematically developed an ELISA, optimizing different antigens and amplification steps, in serum and saliva from non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects. Using trimeric spike glycoprotein, rather than nucleocapsid, enabled detection of responses in individuals with low antibody responses. IgG1 and IgG3 predominate to both antigens, but more anti-spike IgG1 than IgG3 was detectable. All antigens were effective for detecting responses in hospitalized patients. Anti-spike IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses were readily detectable in saliva from a minority of RT-PCR confirmed, non-hospitalized symptomatic individuals, and these were mostly subjects who had the highest levels of anti-spike serum antibodies. Therefore, detecting antibody responses in both saliva and serum can contribute to determining virus exposure and understanding immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.