ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2021
Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection rescues B and T cell responses to variants after first vaccine dose.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 218 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase II Study to Evaluate Immunogenicity and Safety in Subjects With Evidence of Prior Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 of a Single Intramuscular or Intranasal Dose of the Live Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Based AVX/COVID-12 Vaccine
Phase II/III Parallel, Double-blind, Non-inferiority Study With Active Control, to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of a Booster Immunization Scheme With a Single Intramuscular Dose of the Recombinant Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2
Who cites it
218 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 382 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prior infections and effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in test-negative studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Pooled it
- Potency of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 variants of concern: A systematic review of in vitro studies.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- To mix or not to mix? A rapid systematic review of heterologous prime-boost covid-19 vaccination.Expert review of vaccines · 2021Pooled it
- Effect of a 2-week interruption in methotrexate treatment versus continued treatment on COVID-19 booster vaccine immunity in adults with inflammatory conditions (VROOM study): a randomised, open label, superiority trial.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2022Trial
- Immunogenicity and safety of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein nanoparticle vaccine in people living with and without HIV-1 infection: a randomised, controlled, phase 2A/2B trial.The lancet. HIV · 2022Trial
- Determinants of early antibody responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in a cohort of exposed and naïve healthcare workers.EBioMedicine · 2022Trial
- Durability and Breadth of Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants Following XBB.1.5 Vaccination in a Multiply Exposed Cohort.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Induces Reduced T-Cell Apoptosis in Patients with Solid Tumors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Personalized feedback about immunity corrects risk misestimation and motivates vaccination.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Article
- Hybrid immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination is associated with more sustained antibody levels, and lower reinfection risk.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Impact of adjuvants on a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccine: Protective efficacy and recall antibody response following homologous challenge.Biosafety and health · 2026Article
- Durability of COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity in Saudi Arabia: evidence, gaps, and implications for Hajj and mass-gathering preparedness.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Primary SARS-CoV-2 exposure by vaccination or infection shapes immune responses to omicron variants among a Spanish cohort.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Longitudinal dynamics of humoral immune responses following serial COVID-19 vaccinations and breakthrough infections in dialysis patients.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Diversity of immunization strongly impacts SARS-CoV-2 antibody function surrogates.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Hybrid Immunity in a Mozambican Cohort After 1 or 2 Doses of the BBIBP-CorV Vaccine.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Design of SARS-CoV-2 RBD immunogens to focus immune responses toward conserved coronavirus epitopes.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- The impact of vaccine booster doses on specific B- and T-lymphocyte dynamics in Thai healthcare personnel following COVID-19 vaccination.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- T cell memory response to MPXV infection exhibits greater effector function and migratory potential compared to MVA-BN vaccination.Nature communications · 2025Article
158 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine rollout has coincided with the spread of variants of concern. We investigated if single dose vaccination, with or without prior infection, confers cross protective immunity to variants. We analyzed T and B cell responses after first dose vaccination with the Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 in healthcare workers (HCW) followed longitudinally, with or without prior Wuhan-Hu-1 SARS-CoV-2 infection. After one dose, individuals with prior infection showed enhanced T cell immunity, antibody secreting memory B cell response to spike and neutralizing antibodies effective against B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. By comparison, HCW receiving one vaccine dose without prior infection showed reduced immunity against variants. B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 spike mutations resulted in increased, abrogated or unchanged T cell responses depending on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms. Single dose vaccination with BNT162b2 in the context of prior infection with a heterologous variant substantially enhances neutralizing antibody responses against variants.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.