ArticlePLoS pathogens2021
Salmonella enters a dormant state within human epithelial cells for persistent infection.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
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- A host-directed adjuvant sensitizes intracellular bacterial persisters to antibiotics.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
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- Salmonella stress response systems as targets for anti-virulence strategies.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
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- Antibiotic-recalcitrant Salmonella during infection.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- Disruption of sulfur transferase complex increases bacterial intramacrophage persistence.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Impact of nafcillin and diosmin on the attachment, invasion, and stress survival of Salmonella Typhimurium.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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- Impact on Human Health ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Emerging Strategies against Non-TyphoidalCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- Engineered phage with cell-penetrating peptides for intracellular bacterial infections.mSystems · 2023Article
- Shigella Serotypes Associated With Carriage in Humans Establish Persistent Infection in Zebrafish.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an enteric bacterium capable of invading a wide range of hosts, including rodents and humans. It targets different host cell types showing different intracellular lifestyles. S. Typhimurium colonizes different intracellular niches and is able to either actively divide at various rates or remain dormant to persist. A comprehensive tool to determine these distinct S. Typhimurium lifestyles remains lacking. Here we developed a novel fluorescent reporter, Salmonella INtracellular Analyzer (SINA), compatible for fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry in single-bacterium level quantification. This identified a S. Typhimurium subpopulation in infected epithelial cells that exhibits a unique phenotype in comparison to the previously documented vacuolar or cytosolic S. Typhimurium. This subpopulation entered a dormant state in a vesicular compartment distinct from the conventional Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCV) as well as the previously reported niche of dormant S. Typhimurium in macrophages. The dormant S. Typhimurium inside enterocytes were viable and expressed Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI-2) virulence factors at later time points. We found that the formation of these dormant S. Typhimurium is not triggered by the loss of SPI-2 effector secretion but it is regulated by (p)ppGpp-mediated stringent response through RelA and SpoT. We predict that intraepithelial dormant S. Typhimurium represents an important pathogen niche and provides an alternative strategy for S. Typhimurium pathogenicity and its persistence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.