ArticleBMC health services research2021
Impact of China's zero mark-up drug policy on drug cost of NCDs' outpatients: an interrupted time series analysis.
Article in BMC health services research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review of the Effect of a Zero-Markup Policy for Essential Drugs on Healthcare Costs and Utilization in China, 2015-2021.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Nutritional self-management in chronic diseases: a conceptual analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- The impact of an innovative payment method on medical expenditure, efficiency, and quality for inpatients with different types of medical insurance: evidence from a pilot city, China.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- Impacts of the Zero-Markup Drug Policy on Hospitalization Expenses of Patients with Stroke in Western China: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2024Article
- Impact of Medical-Pharmaceutical Separation Reform on Hospitalization Expenditure in Tertiary Public Hospitals: Difference-in-Difference Analysis Based on Panel Data from Beijing.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2024Article
- The impact of China's zero markup drug policy on drug costs for managing Parkinson's disease and its complications: an interrupted time series analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Impacts of the zero mark-up policy on hospitalization expenses of T2DM and cholecystolithiasis inpatients in SC province, western China: an interrupted time series analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- How Can China's New Health Care Reform Promote the Balance of Interest Game?-Based on Game Evolution and Simulation Analysis.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2023Article
- The impact of current smoking, regular drinking, and physical inactivity on health care-seeking behavior in China.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- The impact of zero markup drug policy on patients' healthcare utilization and expense: An interrupted time series study.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- The impact of comprehensive public hospital reforms on the direct medical cost of inpatients with coronary heart disease.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Did the universal zero-markup drug policy lower healthcare expenditures? Evidence from Changde, China.BMC health services research · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundChina proposed the Zero Markup Drug Policy (ZMDP), which popularized in tertiary hospitals across the country in 2017, to control drug expenditures' rapid growth further and reduce the public's medical burden. This study aims to evaluate the impact of ZMDP on the drug cost of chronic disease outpatients in the tertiary hospital in Chongqing.
methodsWe collected and described the drug-cost data for outpatients with chronic diseases in a Chongqing's tertiary hospital from 2015 to 2019. The instantaneous and long-term changes of the outpatient volume and average drug cost after the ZMDP were evaluated using interrupted time series (ITS). We also analyzed the policy's impact under the stratification of gender, age, and basic medical insurance types.
resultsA total of 350,848 outpatients were collected from January 2015 to February 2019. After the ZMDP, the outpatient volume for diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease (CHD) all showed a downward trend, with a decrease of 53.04 (P = 0.012), 142.19 (P < 0.01) and 12.16 (P < 0.001) per month. Simultaneously, the average drug cost decreased by 4.44 yuan (P = 0.029), 5.87 yuan (P < 0.001) and 10.23 yuan (P = 0.036) per month, respectively. By gender, the average drug cost of diabetes in males had the most considerable instantaneous change, reducing by 51.21 yuan (P = 0.017); the decline of CHD in women is the most obvious, with an average monthly decrease of 12.51 yuan (P < 0.001). By age, the instantaneous change of CHD was the greatest for those older than 65 years old, with a decrease of 102.61 yuan (P = 0.030). CHD in 46-65 years old showed the most significant reduction, with an average monthly decline of 11.70 yuan (P < 0.01). BMIUE's hypertension had the most considerable instantaneous change, which decreased 59.63 yuan (P = 0.010). BMIUE's CHD showed the most apparent downward trend, with an average monthly decrease of 10.02 yuan (P = 0.010).
conclusionThe ITS analysis is an effective method of health policy evaluation. The implementation of the ZMDP can reduce the drug cost for chronic disease outpatients in the tertiary hospital and their economic burden. Follow-up policies still require targeted price adjustments in the health service system to adjust the drug cost-effectively.
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