ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Cytoguardin: A Tryptophan Metabolite against Cancer Growth and Metastasis.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serotonin, Kynurenine, and Indole Pathways of Tryptophan Metabolism in Humans in Health and Disease.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Renoprotection by 5-Methoxytryptophan in Kidney Disease.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Role of Tryptophan Metabolism in Cancer.Cancer innovation · 2025Review
- Smooth muscle-specific expression of hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase reduces arterial injury-induced intimal hyperplasia.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Article
- 5-Methoxytryptophan improves cerebrovascular injury induced by chronic kidney disease through NF-κB pathway.In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal · 2025Article
- The Multifaceted Role of p53 in Cancer Molecular Biology: Insights for Precision Diagnosis and Therapeutic Breakthroughs.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Transcriptomics and metabolomics insights into the seasonal dynamics of meat quality in yak on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- 5-Methoxytryptophan enhances the sensitivity of sorafenib on the inhibition of proliferation and metastasis for lung cancer cells.BMC cancer · 2024Article
- 5-Methoxytryptophan Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Inhibiting the Intestinal Epithelial Damage and Inflammatory Response.Mediators of inflammation · 2024Article
- The Roles of Gut Microbiota Metabolites in the Occurrence and Development of Colorectal Cancer: Multiple Insights for Potential Clinical Applications.Gastro hep advances · 2024Review
- Metabolomics analysis of visceral leishmaniasis based on urine of golden hamsters.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Article
- 5-Methoxytryptophan ameliorates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis through the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2023Article
- The potential influence of melatonin on mitochondrial quality control: a review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Dual Effect of Tryptamine on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth Regulation: A Pilot Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Exploring Metabolic Signatures of Ex Vivo Tumor Tissue Cultures for Prediction of Chemosensitivity in Ovarian Cancer.Cancers · 2022Article
- 5-Methoxytryptophan Sensitizing Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Cell to Cisplatitn Through Inhibiting Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3).Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Article
- Control of Tissue Fibrosis by 5-Methoxytryptophan, an Innate Anti-Inflammatory Metabolite.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cytoguardin was identified in the conditioned medium of fibroblasts as a tryptophan metabolite, 5-methoxytryptophan (5-MTP). It is synthesized via two enzymatic steps: tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). A truncated HIOMT isoform, HIOMT298, catalyzes 5-MTP synthesis. Cancer cells produce scarce 5-MTP due to defective HIOMT298 expression. 5-MTP inhibits cancer cell COX-2 expression and thereby reduces COX-2-mediated cell proliferation and migration. 5-MTP also inhibits MMP-9 expression and thereby reduces cancer cell invasion. 5-MTP exerts its anti-cancer effect by blocking p38 MAPK and p38-mediated NF-κB and p300 HAT activation. The stable transfection of A549 cells with HIOMT298 restores 5-MTP production which renders cancer cells less aggressive. The implantation of HIOMT-transfected A549 into subcutaneous tissues of a murine xenograft tumor model shows that HIOMT-transduced A549 cells form smaller tumors and generate fewer metastatic lung nodules than control A549 cells. HIOMT298 transfection suppresses aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) expression and serotonin production. Serotonin is a cancer-promoting factor. By restoring 5-MTP and suppressing serotonin production, HIOMT298 overexpression converts cancer cells into less malignant phenotypes. The analysis of HIOMT expression in a human cancer tissue array showed reduced HIOMT levels in a majority of colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancer. HIOMT298 may be a biomarker of human cancer progression. Furthermore, 5-MTP has the potential to be a lead compound in the development of new therapy for the chemoprevention of certain cancers such as hepatocellular cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.