ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Social Distancing Associations with COVID-19 Infection and Mortality Are Modified by Crowding and Socioeconomic Status.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigation of Community Behaviors, Socioeconomic Factors, and Breakthrough COVID-19 Infections Among Vaccinated Individuals: Cross-Sectional Study.Online journal of public health informatics · 2026Article
- Mapping the intersection of demographics, behavior, and government response to the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational cohort study.BMC global and public health · 2025Article
- Addressing current limitations of household transmission studies by collecting contact data.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Association of race/ethnicity and severe housing problems with COVID-19 deaths in the United States: Analysis of the first three waves.PloS one · 2024Article
- Addressing Racial Capitalism's Impact on Black Essential Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Policy Recommendations.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2023Review
- Transmission prevention behaviors in US households with SARS-CoV-2 cases in 2020.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2023Article
- A Survey of Public Health Failures During COVID-19.Cureus · 2022Review
- Amplified effect of social vulnerability on health inequality regarding COVID-19 mortality in the USA: the mediating role of vaccination allocation.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Municipal Ethnic Composition and Disparities in COVID-19 Infections in New Jersey: A Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Policy responsiveness and institutions in a federal system: Analyzing variations in state-level data transparency and equity issues during the COVID-19 pandemic.International journal of disaster risk reduction : IJDRR · 2022Article
- Neighborhood Characteristics and Racial Disparities in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Seropositivity in Pregnancy.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2022Article
- How Fear of COVID-19 Affects the Behavioral Intention of Festival Participants-A Case of the HANFU Festival.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The Effects of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on COVID-19 Epidemic Growth Rate during Pre- and Post-Vaccination Period in Asian Countries.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Sociocultural-psychological predictors influencing parents' decision-making regarding HPV vaccination for their adolescent daughters in mainland China: An extended TPB model.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Association of social distancing and face mask use with risk of COVID-19.Nature communications · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a public health emergency. Social distancing is a key approach to slowing disease transmission. However, more evidence is needed on its efficacy, and little is known on the types of areas where it is more or less effective. We obtained county-level data on COVID-19 incidence and mortality during the first wave, smartphone-based average social distancing (0-5, where higher numbers indicate more social distancing), and census data on demographics and socioeconomic status. Using generalized linear mixed models with a Poisson distribution, we modeled associations between social distancing and COVID-19 incidence and mortality, and multiplicative interaction terms to assess effect modification. In multivariable models, each unit increase in social distancing was associated with a 26% decrease (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.