Observational studyNutrients2021
Breakfast and Exercise Improve Academic and Cognitive Performance in Adolescents.
Observational study in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of mindfulness training and physical exercise on student academic burnout and academic achievement: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review on the effects of exercise with and without breakfast consumption on cognitive performance in healthy adults.BMC psychology · 2025Pooled it
- Acute effect of physical activity on academic outcomes in school-aged youth: A systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2024Pooled it
- Trial
- Integrating Sleep, Eating, Bowel Habits, and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents: A Conceptual Review of the Four Kai Framework.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Social jetlag and academic performance in adolescents: insights from a region with structural circadian misalignment.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- A Systematic Review of Multimodal Frameworks for Assessing Health Vulnerability in Academicians Across Ergonomic, Lifestyle, and Dietary Domains.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Status and Associated Factors of Breakfast Consumption Among Chinese Residents: A National Cross-Sectional Study.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Assessment of symptoms in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a comparative study of existing scales.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- Article
- Association between adverse childhood experiences and sleep quality, emotional and behavioral problems and academic achievement of children and adolescents.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- Children with developmental coordination disorders: a review of approaches to assessment and intervention.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Review
- Article
- The Relationship between Self-Concept and Negative Emotion: A Moderated Mediation Model.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Association Between Eating Habits and Perceived School Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study Among 46,455 Adolescents From 42 Countries.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
This study examined the combined effects of breakfast and exercise on short-term academic and cognitive performance in adolescents. Eighty-two adolescents (64 female), aged 14-19 years, were randomized to four groups over a 4-hour morning: (i) a group who fasted and were sedentary (F-S); (ii) a group who ate breakfast but were sedentary (B-S); (iii) a group who fasted but completed a 30-min exercise bout (F-E); and (iv) a group who ate breakfast and completed a 30-min exercise bout (B-E). Individuals completed academic and cognitive tests over the morning. Adolescents in B-E significantly improved their mathematics score (B-E: 15.2% improvement on correct answers, vs. F-S: 6.7% improvement on correct answers;
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.