ReviewBiosensors2021
Sources of Inaccuracy in Photoplethysmography for Continuous Cardiovascular Monitoring.
Review in Biosensors, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 153 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
153 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 299 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heart Rate Monitors for the Estimation of Physical Activity in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Pooled it
- The Micro-Mobility Sensing Gap: A Systematic Review of Physiological Safety Monitoring from Cycling to E-Scooters.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Wearable Blood Pressure Monitoring Devices: Understanding Heterogeneity in Design and Evaluation.IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of Skin Pigmentation on Pulse Oximetry Blood Oxygenation and Wearable Pulse Rate Accuracy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Pooled it
- Publication guidelines for human heart rate and heart rate variability studies in psychophysiology-Part 1: Physiological underpinnings and foundations of measurement.Psychophysiology · 2024Guideline
- Wearable Devices to Diagnose and Monitor the Progression of COVID-19 Through Heart Rate Variability Measurement: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Pooled it
- Skin Pigmentation Influence on Pulse Oximetry Accuracy: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Pooled it
- Beyond macrocirculatory targets: a multimodal framework for microcirculatory and organ perfusion monitoring in sepsis.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Review
- Disparities in Blood Pressure Measurement.Current hypertension reports · 2026Review
- Multiwavelength Implantable Oximeter for Wireless Monitoring of Tissue Oxygenation in the Presence of Blood Volume Changes.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Guidelines for rigor and reproducibility of heart rate variability within human cardiovascular research.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2026Review
- The Representation of Different Populations in Studies Assessing the Validity of Consumer Wearable Photoplethysmography-Based Measurements: Scoping Review.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Article
- Hypertension screening via awake-sleep differences in photoplethysmogram signals.European heart journal. Digital health · 2026Article
- Advances and Challenges in Wearable Sensors for Health Monitoring.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Review
- Intelligent Analysis of Medical Images Based on Improved U-Net and SIFT Algorithms for Pre-Hospital Emergency Care.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Pulse Rate Variability Is Not the Same as Heart Rate Variability: Implications for Sports Performance and Injury Prevention.Sports medicine - open · 2026Article
- Accuracy of VOMayo Clinic proceedings. Digital health · 2026Article
- Wearable technologies in clinical trials for drug development: trends and emerging opportunities.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Comparison of heart rate measurement accuracy among commercially available photoplethysmography-based wearable devices across exercise intensities.Physical activity and nutrition · 2026Article
- PPG-Based Heart Rate Accuracy in Hispanic Adults with Fitzpatrick III-V Skin Tones: An Evaluation of Body Composition and Skin-Tone Effects.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
93 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a low-cost, noninvasive optical technique that uses change in light transmission with changes in blood volume within tissue to provide information for cardiovascular health and fitness. As remote health and wearable medical devices become more prevalent, PPG devices are being developed as part of wearable systems to monitor parameters such as heart rate (HR) that do not require complex analysis of the PPG waveform. However, complex analyses of the PPG waveform yield valuable clinical information, such as: blood pressure, respiratory information, sympathetic nervous system activity, and heart rate variability. Systems aiming to derive such complex parameters do not always account for realistic sources of noise, as testing is performed within controlled parameter spaces. A wearable monitoring tool to be used beyond fitness and heart rate must account for noise sources originating from individual patient variations (e.g., skin tone, obesity, age, and gender), physiology (e.g., respiration, venous pulsation, body site of measurement, and body temperature), and external perturbations of the device itself (e.g., motion artifact, ambient light, and applied pressure to the skin). Here, we present a comprehensive review of the literature that aims to summarize these noise sources for future PPG device development for use in health monitoring.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.