ReviewToxins2021
Muscle Tone Physiology and Abnormalities.
Review in Toxins, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06811142 (EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF EARLY APPLICATION OF BOTULINUM TOXIN IN PATIENTS WITH A FIRST CEREBRAL VASCULAR EVENT.), which is not on this map. Cited by 61 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of the effects of early application of botulinum toxin in patients with a first cerebral vascular event.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuromodulation for Restless Legs Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Mechanistic Considerations for Spinal Cord Stimulation.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2026Pooled it
- Alterations in intramuscular connective tissue in hypertonic muscle: a scoping review.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Pooled it
- Low-Intensity Blood Flow-Restricted Multi-Joint Exercise Improves Muscle Function in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Trial.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Trial
- Clinical efficacy observation of repetitive magnetic stimulation for treating upper limb spasticity after stroke.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Effect of virtual running with exercise on functionality in pre-frail and frail elderly people: randomized clinical trial.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2023Trial
- Should Paratonia Be Considered a Movement Disorder? Implications for Clinical Management.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Muscle Spindle Alterations Following Ischemic Stroke and Peripheral Denervation in Murine Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Spinal cord stimulation: An emerging strategy for chronic pain relief after spinal cord injury.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Portable Upper-limb Muscle Tone Assessment by Integrating Multi-sensor Signals.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Establishing Operational Descriptive Definitions for Neurologic Abnormalities Identified During Gaiting in Dogs.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Muscle Tone Regulation and Bruxism in Chronic Stress: Pathophysiological Links to Tooth Fractures and Dental Hard Tissue Pathology.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Spasticity and Abnormal Tone Regulation After Spinal Cord Injury: Mechanisms and the Effects of Neuromodulation.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Reference values for muscle stiffness and asymmetry using myotonometry: a pilot study.The Journal of manual & manipulative therapy · 2026Observational
- Intra- and inter-session reliability of the MyotonPro in measuring the biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of the knee extensor and flexor muscles.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Toward preventive interventions in developmental coordination disorder: in need of early behavioral markers?Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- A phenomenological approach to spastic movement disorders: an international expert panel consensus.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Body Temperature Regulation in the Rat by Muscle Tone.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- The opioid flexion phenotype: postural flexion and nodding in the fentanyl era.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy modulates hamstring stiffness and flexibility in young males with hamstring tightness: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Ultrasound quantification of tongue-palate distance and tongue thickness in TMD patients: changes after physical therapy and comparison with healthy controls.BMC oral health · 2025Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The simple definition of tone as the resistance to passive stretch is physiologically a complex interlaced network encompassing neural circuits in the brain, spinal cord, and muscle spindle. Disorders of muscle tone can arise from dysfunction in these pathways and manifest as hypertonia or hypotonia. The loss of supraspinal control mechanisms gives rise to hypertonia, resulting in spasticity or rigidity. On the other hand, dystonia and paratonia also manifest as abnormalities of muscle tone, but arise more due to the network dysfunction between the basal ganglia and the thalamo-cerebello-cortical connections. In this review, we have discussed the normal homeostatic mechanisms maintaining tone and the pathophysiology of spasticity and rigidity with its anatomical correlates. Thereafter, we have also highlighted the phenomenon of network dysfunction, cortical disinhibition, and neuroplastic alterations giving rise to dystonia and paratonia.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.