ReviewViruses2021
Hemagglutinin Stability and Its Impact on Influenza A Virus Infectivity, Pathogenicity, and Transmissibility in Avians, Mice, Swine, Seals, Ferrets, and Humans.
Review in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- HA Protein acetylation modulates replication, pathogenicity, and immunogenicity of influenza virus and facilitates live-attenuated vaccine design.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- In silico analysis of pH stabilising mutations of hemagglutinin of influenza A virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b.Npj viruses · 2026Review
- Single-component self-assembling protein nanoparticles displaying stabilized prefusion-closed hemagglutinin trimers for influenza vaccine development.Nature communications · 2026Article
- New determinant of influenza hemagglutinin cleavability identified through random mutagenesis for acid-stabilizing mutations.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies STK11 as a critical regulator of sialic acid clusters important for influenza A virus attachment.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Identification of thermostability-enhancing mutations in H9N2 avian influenza virus hemagglutinin.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Article
- Identification of a Key Hemagglutinin Mutation Mediating Antibody Escape in Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses.Viruses · 2026Article
- Resistance Mutations to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Destabilize Hemagglutinin and Attenuate H1N1 Influenza Virus.Viruses · 2025Article
- Isoleucine at position 137 of haemagglutinin acts as a mammalian adaptation marker of H9N2 avian influenza virus.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Article
- Cases of Interspecies Transmission of Influenza A Virus from Swine to Humans.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Bivalent Oral Vaccine Using AttenuatedVaccines · 2025Article
- The multifaceted roles of nucleolin in viral entry, replication, and antiviral therapy.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Viral factors underlying the pandemic potential of influenza viruses.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Article
- Emergence, migration and spreading of the high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5NX of the Gs/Gd lineage into America.The Journal of general virology · 2025Review
- Research publications and global manufacture of veterinary vaccines against avian influenza A (2019-2023).Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- First contact: an interdisciplinary guide into decoding H5N1 influenza virus interactions with glycosaminoglycans in 3D respiratory cell models.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Influenza B viruses are more susceptible to high temperatures than influenza A viruses.Npj viruses · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild aquatic birds. From this reservoir, IAVs sporadically cause outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics in wild and domestic avians, wild land and sea mammals, horses, canines, felines, swine, humans, and other species. One molecular trait shown to modulate IAV host range is the stability of the hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein. The HA protein is the major antigen and during virus entry, this trimeric envelope glycoprotein binds sialic acid-containing receptors before being triggered by endosomal low pH to undergo irreversible structural changes that cause membrane fusion. The HA proteins from different IAV isolates can vary in the pH at which HA protein structural changes are triggered, the protein causes membrane fusion, or outside the cell the virion becomes inactivated. HA activation pH values generally range from pH 4.8 to 6.2. Human-adapted HA proteins tend to have relatively stable HA proteins activated at pH 5.5 or below. Here, studies are reviewed that report HA stability values and investigate the biological impact of variations in HA stability on replication, pathogenicity, and transmissibility in experimental animal models. Overall, a stabilized HA protein appears to be necessary for human pandemic potential and should be considered when assessing human pandemic risk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.