ReviewAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Glutathione Metabolism and the Novel Role of Mitochondrial GSH in Retinal Degeneration.
Review in Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glutathione-Related Responses to Hyperglycemic and Hyperosmotic Stress in Cultured Human Retinal Pericytes and Endothelial Cells: An Exploratory Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- GSH-Related Enzymes GPx4, Chac1, and GSTs and Redox Regulation of Ferroptosis in Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Metabolomic Profiling of Vitreous Humor Reveals Distinct Metabolic Signatures in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial ROS in Retinal Neurodegeneration: Thresholds, Quality Control Failure, and Precision Therapeutic Windows.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Targeting ferroptosis in ocular diseases: mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic horizons.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Integrative analysis of transcriptomics, single-cell RNA sequencing, and GraphBAN identifiesFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Nematocidal activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using chicken egg albumin in lung and spleen of Parascaris equorum experimentally infected rats.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying gyrate atrophy: Why is the retina primarily affected?Acta ophthalmologica · 2025Review
- Protective Effect of Exogenous Adenosine Triphosphate Against Ocular Toxicity of Linezolid in Rats.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Mitochondrial transport of glutathione in diabetic retinopathy.Free radical biology & medicine · 2025Article
- Current Insights into Glutathione Depletion in Adult Septic Patients.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Retinal Gatekeepers: Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Role of Cysteine and Selenocysteine.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Interleukin-17A signaling promotes CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity against West Nile virus infection through enhancing PI3K-mTOR-mediated metabolism.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Nose-to-brain drug delivery: from bench to bedside.Translational neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- Mulberry Extract Mitigates Glucose-Induced Oxidative Injury in Differentiated ARPE-19 Cells by Enhancing Antioxidant Defense: Implications for Diabetic Retinopathy.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Ferroptosis: An Energetic Villain of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- PARP inhibition preserves cone photoreceptors in rd2 retina.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Sunitinib's Effect on Bilateral Optic Nerve Damage in Rats Following the Unilateral Clamping and Unclamping of the Common Carotid Artery.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Iron homeostasis and ferroptosis in muscle diseases and disorders: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects.Bone research · 2025Review
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is present ubiquitously, and its role as a crucial cellular antioxidant in tissues, including the retina, is well established. GSH's antioxidant function arises from its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species or to serve as an essential cofactor for GSH S-transferases and peroxidases. This review summarizes the general functions, retinal distribution, disorders linked to GSH deficiency, and the emerging role for mitochondrial GSH (mGSH) in retinal function. Though synthesized only in the cytosol, the presence of GSH in multiple cell organelles suggests the requirement for its active transport across organellar membranes. The localization and distribution of 2-oxoglutarate carrier (OGC) and dicarboxylate carrier (DIC), two recently characterized mitochondrial carrier proteins in RPE and retina, show that these transporters are highly expressed in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and retinal layers, and their expression increases with RPE polarity in cultured cells. Depletion of mGSH levels via inhibition of the two transporters resulted in reduced mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters (basal respiration, ATP production, maximal respiration, and spare respiratory capacity) and increased RPE cell death. These results begin to reveal a critical role for mGSH in maintaining RPE bioenergetics and cell health. Thus, augmentation of mGSH pool under GSH-deficient conditions may be a valuable tool in treating retinal disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration and optic neuropathies, whose pathologies have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.