SynthesisToxins2021
Electrical Stimulation of Injected Muscles to Boost Botulinum Toxin Effect on Spasticity: Rationale, Systematic Review and State of the Art.
Synthesis in Toxins, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of neuromuscular electrical stimulation post-botulinum toxin injection in children with cerebral palsy.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- A Clinical Practice Framework for Ultrasound-Informed Multimodal Management of Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Proof-of-Concept Case.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Electrical or magnetic nerve stimulation enhance the BoNT/A-mediated muscle paralysis.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Research progress in the use of botulinum toxin type a for post-stroke spasticity rehabilitation: a narrative review.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Multiple Sclerosis: Enhancing Botulinum Toxin Effects in Spasticity Management, a Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Botulinum Toxin's Effects on Muscle Tone and Joint Mobility in Children with Congenital Zika Syndrome - A Case Series.Revista brasileira de ortopedia · 2024Article
- Improving Spasticity by Using Botulin Toxin: An Overview Focusing on Combined Approaches.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Ultrasound image guided injection of botulinum toxin for the management of spasticity: A Delphi study to develop recommendations for a scope of practice, competency, and governance framework.Archives of rehabilitation research and clinical translation · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) represents a first-line treatment for spasticity, a common disabling consequence of many neurological diseases. Electrical stimulation of motor nerve endings has been reported to boost the effect of BoNT-A. To date, a wide range of stimulation protocols has been proposed in the literature. We conducted a systematic review of current literature on the protocols of electrical stimulation to boost the effect of BoNT-A injection in patients with spasticity. A systematic search using the MeSH terms "electric stimulation", "muscle spasticity" and "botulinum toxins" and strings "electric stimulation [mh] OR electrical stimulation AND muscle spasticity [mh] OR spasticity AND botulinum toxins [mh] OR botulinum toxin type A" was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, PEDro and Cochrane library electronic databases. Full-text articles written in English and published from database inception to March 2021 were included. Data on patient characteristics, electrical stimulation protocols and outcome measures were collected. This systematic review provides a complete overview of current literature on the role of electrical stimulation to boost the effect of BoNT-A injection for spasticity, together with a critical discussion on its rationale based on the neurobiology of BoNT-A uptake.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.