ReviewBiology2021
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Sport and the Immune System Response. A Review.
Review in Biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Enhancement of Interferon-γ Secretion byInternational journal of medical sciences · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Use ofFrontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Chlorinated pool air, airway mucosal immunity, and respiratory health in competitive swimmers: a mini review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The functional state of athletes who have undergone coronavirus infection (COVID-19).Sports medicine and health science · 2025Article
- Review
- Applications and Benefits of Dietary Supplements in Taekwondo: A Systematic Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Isolation of Apigenin from Sungkai (F1000Research · 2025Article
- Probiotic supplementation for optimizing athletic performance: current evidence and future perspectives for microbiome-based strategies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Review
- Pidotimod in pediatrics: new evidence and future perspectives.Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine · 2024Article
- Efficacy ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Review
- Demystifying roles of exercise in immune response regulation against acute respiratory infections: A narrative review.Sports medicine and health science · 2024Review
- Role of Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Influenza: A Review.Sports medicine - open · 2023Review
- Article
- A Guide to Different Intensities of Exercise, Vaccination, and Sports Nutrition in the Course of Preparing Elite Athletes for the Management of Upper Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Clinical benefits of β-glucan supplementation in children: a review.Discover food · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immunity is the consequence of a complex interaction between organs and the environment. It is mediated the interaction of several genes, receptors, molecules, hormones, cytokines, antibodies, antigens, and inflammatory mediators which in turn relate and influence the psychological health. The immune system response of heavily trained athletes resembles an even more complex conditions being theorized to follow a J or S shape dynamics at times. High training loads modify the immune response elevating the biological markers of immunity and the body susceptibility to infections. Heavy training and/or training in a cold environment increase the athletes' risk to develop Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs). Therefore, athletes, who are considered healthier than the normal population, are in fact more prone to infections of the respiratory tract, due to lowering of the immune system in the time frames subsequent heavy training sessions. In this revision we will review the behavioral intervention, including nutritional approaches, useful to minimize the "open window" effect on infection and how to cope with stressors and boost the immune system in athletes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.