ArticleLife (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Impact of Water Temperature on Heart Rate Variability during Bathing.
Article in Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Aquatic Therapy as a Programmable Multisensory Environment for Arousal and Postural Control After Severe Acquired Brain Injury: A Perspective.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Recent Trends in Computational Biomedical Research.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
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2 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundHeart rate variability (HRV) is affected by many factors. This paper aims to explore the impact of water temperature (WT) on HRV during bathing.
methodsThe bathtub WT was preset at three conditions: i.e., low WT (36-38 °C), medium WT (38-40 °C), and high WT (40-42 °C), respectively. Ten subjects participated in the data collection. Each subject collected five electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings at each preset bathtub WT condition. Each recording was 18 min long with a sampling rate of 200 Hz. In total, 150 ECG recordings and 150 WT recordings were collected. Twenty HRV features were calculated using 1-min ECG segments each time. The k-means clustering analysis method was used to analyze the rough trends based on the preset WT. Analyses of the significant differences were performed using the multivariate analysis of variance of
resultsThe statistics show that with increasing WT, 11 HRV features are significantly (
conclusionThe WT has an important impact on HRV during bathing. The findings in the present work reveal an important physiological factor that affects the dynamic changes of HRV and contribute to better quantitative analyses of HRV in future research works.
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