Impact of Medium-Sized Extracellular Vesicles on the Transduction Efficiency of Adeno-Associated Viruses in Neuronal and Primary Astrocyte Cell Cultures.

(1) Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are safe and efficient gene therapy vectors with promising results in the treatment of several diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are phospholipid bilayer-surrounded structures carrying several types of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids with the ability to cross biological barriers. EV-associated AAVs might serve as new and efficient gene therapy vectors considering that they carry the benefits of both AAVs and EVs. (2) We tested vesicle-associated AAVs and vesicles mixed with AAVs on two major cell types of the central nervous system: a neural cell line (N2A) and primary astrocyte cells. (3) In contrast to previously published in vivo observations, the extracellular vesicle packaging did not improve but, in the case of primary astrocyte cells, even inhibited the infection capacity of the AAV particles. The observed effect was not due to the inhibitory effects of the vesicles themselves, since mixing the AAVs with extracellular vesicles did not change the effectiveness. (4) Our results suggest that improvement of the in vivo efficacy of the EV-associated AAV particles is not due to the enhanced interaction between the AAV and the target cells, but most likely to the improved delivery of the AAVs through tissue barriers and to the shielding of AAVs from neutralizing antibodies.